Proloog — Wat is Waarheid?Prologue — What Is Truth?

Wat is Waarheid?

Inleiding

Hierdie webwerf heet Aletheia, die Griekse woord vir waarheid. Dis ‘n groot naam om te dra. Elke reeks hier probeer eerlik dink oor die vrae wat gelowiges vandag die meeste pla: of God bestaan, hoe die wetenskap en die geloof saampas, waarom daar lyding is, wat ‘n mens is. Maar al daardie vrae veronderstel ‘n voorafgaande vraag. As ons sê iets is waar, wat bedoel ons?

Dis dieselfde vraag wat Pontius Pilatus aan Jesus gevra het: “Wat is waarheid?” (Johannes 18:38). Hy het nie vir ‘n antwoord gewag nie. Ons wil wel.

Hoekom ‘n Proloog?

Ons leef in ‘n tyd waarin “my waarheid” en “jou waarheid” alledaagse taal geword het, waarin ‘n rekenaar ‘n stem kan namaak wat jou eie ma nie van die egte stem sal kan onderskei nie, en waarin die vraag of iets waar is, dikwels minder saak maak as die vraag of dit aandag trek. Dit is nie moontlik om ernstig oor God, die wetenskap of die mens te praat as ons nie eers weet wat ons met “waar” bedoel nie.

Hierdie proloog is korter as die reekse wat volg. Dit lê die grondslag. Die volle vraag oor hoe ons ken, met al sy tegniese kante, kom later in Reeks 5 aan die beurt.

Vier Opstelle

Opstel 1 — Wat is Waarheid?

Van ‘n eed in ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse hofsaal tot by Aristoteles, Thomas van Aquino en die Hebreeuse woord emet. Waarheid is eers ‘n saak van ooreenstemming, en dan ‘n saak van Iemand wat getrou is.

Opstel 2 — Kan Ons Dit Weet?

‘n Vals stemnota in die familiegroep, die twyfelaar se sterkste argument, en die skeefgetrekte spieël van die sonde. Ons kennis is nederig maar werklik, soos ‘n afdruk wat getrou is aan die seël.

Opstel 3 — Wie se Waarheid?

“You do you” by ‘n braai. Wat die relativis reg sien, waar die argument vasloop, en waarom die waarheid nie aan my of aan jou behoort nie, maar aan God.

Opstel 4 — Waarheid wat Gesien Word

‘n Duik in ‘n bakkie se deur. Waarheid is iets wat jy doen, en Iemand wat jy vertrou. In ‘n tyd wat nie meer na argumente luister nie, moet die waarheid eers gesien word voordat dit gehoor word.

‘n Uitnodiging

Elke opstel eindig met besprekingsvrae vir ‘n groep. Lees hulle saam, stry daaroor, en neem jou vrae saam na die reekse wat volg. Die waarheid het nie ons beskerming nodig nie. Dit nooi ons uit om dit te soek.

What Is Truth?

Introduction

This site is called Aletheia, the Greek word for truth. That is a big name to carry. Every series here tries to think honestly about the questions that trouble believers most today: whether God exists, how science and faith fit together, why there is suffering, what a human being is. But all of those questions assume an earlier one. When we say something is true, what do we mean?

It is the same question Pontius Pilate asked Jesus: “What is truth?” (John 18:38). He did not wait for an answer. We want to.

Why a Prologue?

We live at a time when “my truth” and “your truth” have become everyday language, when a computer can fake a voice your own mother could not tell from the real one, and when whether something is true often matters less than whether it gets attention. It is not possible to talk seriously about God, science or the human person until we know what we mean by “true”.

This prologue is shorter than the series that follow. It lays the ground. The full question of how we know, with all its technical sides, comes later in Series 5.

Four Essays

Essay 1 — What Is Truth?

From an oath in a South African courtroom to Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas and the Hebrew word emet. Truth is first a matter of fit, and then a matter of Someone who is faithful.

Essay 2 — Can We Know It?

A fake voice note in the family group, the sceptic’s strongest argument, and the warped mirror of sin. Our knowledge is humble but real, like an impression faithful to its seal.

Essay 3 — Whose Truth?

“You do you” at a braai. What the relativist gets right, where the argument ties itself in a knot, and why truth belongs not to me or to you, but to God.

Essay 4 — Truth That Is Seen

A dent in a bakkie’s door. Truth is something you do, and Someone you trust. In an age that no longer listens to arguments, truth has to be seen before it is heard.

An Invitation

Each essay ends with discussion questions for a group. Read them together, argue about them, and take your questions with you into the series that follow. The truth does not need our protection. It invites us to look for it.

Proloog 1 — Wat is Waarheid?Prologue 1 — What Is Truth?

Wat is Waarheid?

Inleiding: ‘n Eed oor iets wat niemand kan definieer nie

Elke dag staan iemand in ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse hofsaal op, dikwels met die regterhand opgelig, en sweer: Ek sweer dat die getuienis wat ek sal aflê, die waarheid, die hele waarheid en niks anders as die waarheid sal wees nie. So help my God. Die woorde kom reguit uit die Strafproseswet van 1977. Hulle klink amper soos ‘n gebed.

Die getuie het heel waarskynlik nog nooit ‘n boek oor die filosofie van waarheid oopgemaak nie. Die landdros dalk ook nie. Tog weet almal in die saal presies wat sopas belowe is. Niemand steek sy hand op en vra: “Edelagbare, watter teorie van waarheid volg ons vandag?” nie

So gaan dit maar met waarheid. Ons gebruik die woord heeldag, en ons is seker van ons saak. “Sê die waarheid,” sê ons vir ‘n kind. “Fopnuus,” tik ons onder ‘n video wat ons nie vertrou nie. As iemand vir ons gejok het, voel ons verraai, en dis nie ‘n te sterk woord nie. Maar vra iemand wat waarheid nou eintlik is, raak ons stil.

Een man het dié vraag hardop gevra, in ‘n gesprek wat elke Christen ken. Pontius Pilatus, die Romeinse goewerneur van Judea, het ‘n gevangene voor hom gehad wat sê Hy het gekom om van die waarheid te getuig. “Wat is waarheid?” vra Pilatus (Johannes 18:37–38). En toe loop hy uit.

Ons gaan nie uitloop nie. In hierdie eerste opstel van die Proloog vat ons die vraag ernstig op: eers soos ‘n filosoof dit sou aanpak, en daarna soos die Bybel dit doen. Aan die einde sal ons sien dat Pilatus iets oor die hoof gesien het wat reg voor sy neus gestaan het.

1. Die eenvoudigste antwoord is ook die oudste

Sowat 350 jaar voor Christus skryf die Griekse filosoof Aristoteles ‘n sin neer wat vandag nog die vertrekpunt is vir byna elke gesprek oor waarheid. In sy Metafisika (boek IV, hoofstuk 7) sê hy, vrylik vertaal:

As jy van iets wat is, sê dat dit nie is nie, of van iets wat nie is nie, sê dat dit is, praat jy die onwaarheid. As jy van wat is, sê dat dit is, en van wat nie is nie, dat dit nie is nie, praat jy die waarheid.

Dit klink amper te eenvoudig vir filosofie. Maar kyk mooi. Daar is twee dinge in die spel: wat jy sê, en hoe die wêreld werklik is. Jou woorde is waar as hulle met die werklikheid ooreenstem. Sê ek daar’s melk in die yskas, en daar is, het ek die waarheid gepraat. Is die yskas leeg, dan nie.

Filosowe noem dit die korrespondensieteorie van waarheid. Korrespondensie beteken eenvoudig ooreenstemming. Waarheid is die ooreenstemming tussen wat ons sê of dink en wat werklik die geval is.

Let op wat die teorie nie sê nie. Dit sê nie jy weet altyd of jou woorde waar is nie. Dalk het jou huismaat vanoggend die laaste melk in sy koffie gegooi en jy weet nog nie daarvan nie. Dan is wat jy sê vals, al glo jy dit met jou hele hart. Die werklikheid wag nie vir jou goedkeuring nie. Juis daarom maak die eed in die hof sin: die getuie belowe dat sy woorde sal klop met wat gebeur het, nie met wat hy wens gebeur het nie.

2. Drie ander antwoorde, en die kern van waarheid in elkeen

Ooreenstemming is nie die enigste teorie nie. Ernstige denkers het minstens drie ander verdedig, en elkeen sien iets raak wat ons nie mag ignoreer nie.

Waarheid as samehang (koherensie). Stel jou voor jy bou ‘n legkaart van duisend stukkies, maar die prent op die deksel is weg. Hoe weet jy waar ‘n stukkie hoort? Waar hy by die stukkies rondom hom inpas. Die koherensieteorie sê ‘n oortuiging is waar as dit inpas in ‘n groter geheel van oortuigings wat mekaar onderskraag.

Daar sit iets in. Ons toets ons oortuigings meestal juis so. ‘n Speurder het selde ‘n video van die moord. Wat hy het, is ‘n klomp leidrade wat net op een manier inmekaar pas. Maar daar’s ‘n probleem. ‘n Goeie romanskrywer kan ‘n storie skryf wat volmaak saamhang en wat nooit gebeur het nie. Samehang is ‘n goeie toets vir waarheid. Dis nie waarheid self nie.

Waarheid as dit wat werk (pragmatisme). In 1907 het die Amerikaanse filosoof William James aangevoer dat ‘n idee waar is as dit in die praktyk werk: as dit ons help om ons pad te vind, iets te voorspel, te lewe. Dis die pragmatiese teorie.

Ook hier is ‘n kern van waarheid. Ware idees werk gewoonlik. ‘n Brug wat op die regte berekeninge gebou is, bly staan. Maar hier is ook ‘n kraak. Party leuens werk uitstekend, altans ‘n ruk lank. Die swendelaar se storie het pragtig gewerk; jou ouma se spaargeld is in sy sak. Dat iets werk, maak dit nie waar nie. Dis eerder andersom: dinge werk gewoonlik omdat hulle waar is.

Waarheid as ‘n leë woord (deflasionisme). In die dertigerjare gebruik die logikus Alfred Tarski ‘n voorbeeld wat beroemd sou word: “Sneeu is wit” is waar as, en slegs as, sneeu wit is. Party filosowe het daaruit afgelei dat die woordjie “waar” eintlik niks byvoeg nie. “Dis waar dat sneeu wit is” is maar net ‘n lang manier om te sê “sneeu is wit”. Hulle noem dit deflasionisme, omdat dit die groot woord waarheid soos ‘n ballon laat leegloop.

Hierin is hulle reg: ons nie eers ‘n filosofiese teorie nodig het voordat ons iets waar mag noem nie. Die getuie in die hof het nie een nodig nie. Maar kyk weer na Tarski se sin. Die tweede helfte, as sneeu wit is, wys reguit na die wêreld. Selfs die teorie wat waarheid wil laat leegloop, staan nog op die ou grond: woorde moet met iets ooreenstem.

En so is ons terug by Aristoteles. Deur samehang kom ons dikwels agter wat waar is. Dat iets werk, is dikwels die gevolg daarvan dat dit waar is. Maar wat waarheid is, bly die eenvoudige ou ding: woorde wat klop met wat is. Dis ook wat elkeen van ons glo sodra ons vir iemand sê: “Jy lieg.”

3. Maar waarmee stem die werklikheid ooreen?

In die Middeleeue is Aristoteles se gedagte in ‘n kort Latynse formule saamgevat wat Thomas van Aquino (1225–1274) beroemd gemaak het: veritas est adaequatio rei et intellectus. Waarheid is die ooreenstemming tussen die ding en die verstand.

Maar Thomas voeg iets by wat Aristoteles nie gesê het nie. In sy Summa Theologiae (deel I, vraag 16) wys hy daarop dat die ooreenstemming in twee rigtings loop. My gedagtes is waar as hulle met die dinge ooreenstem. Maar die dinge self is “waar” omdat hulle ooreenstem met ‘n ander verstand: die verstand van God, wat hulle uitgedink en gemaak het. ‘n Tafel is ‘n “egte” tafel omdat hy klop met die plan in die skrynwerker se kop. Die skepping is “waar” omdat dit klop met die gedagtes van die Skepper.

Dit klink dalk na ‘n vrome byvoegsel. Eintlik los dit ‘n raaisel op wat ons moderne mense selde raaksien. Waarom sou die werklikheid hoegenaamd kenbaar wees? Waarom het die dinge ‘n vorm wat ons verstand kan vasvat, sodat ‘n kind wat leer tel en ‘n fisikus wat ‘n vergelyking neerskryf, albei iets beetkry wat regtig daar buite is?

Die Bybel gee die antwoord in die eerste hoofstuk van Johannes. Alles het deur die Woord ontstaan (Johannes 1:3), en dieselfde Woord is die ware lig wat elke mens verlig (Johannes 1:9). Die orde in die wêreld en die lig in ons verstand kom uit een bron. Herman Bavinck het sy hele leer oor kennis later op presies dié grond gebou: die Woord wat die wêreld gemaak het, is ook die Woord wat ons verstand verlig, en daarom pas die een by die ander. Ons gedagtes kan met die dinge klop, omdat die dinge eers met God se gedagtes klop.

In die volgende opstel sal ons sien hoe nederig ons hieroor moet bly. Ons kennis is nie God se kennis nie. Maar onthou die beeld: waarheid begin nie by ons nie.

4. ‘n Uitstappie na die naam van hierdie webwerf

Hierdie projek heet Aletheia, die Griekse woord vir waarheid. Dit is dus gepas om na die woord self te kyk.

A-lētheia bestaan uit ‘n ontkennende voorvoegsel (a-, soos in “a-teïs”) en ‘n stam wat met vergeet en verborge wees te make het. Die Duitse filosoof Martin Heidegger het in 1927 voorgestel dat die Grieke waarheid dus eintlik as “onverborgenheid” verstaan het: waarheid is wanneer iets uit die verborgenheid tree en homself wys.

Dis ‘n pragtige beeld. Dit voel soos die oomblik wanneer die mis van die Kaapse Vlakte af oplig en Tafelberg skielik net daar staan, soos hy al die tyd gestaan het. Maar ons moet eerlik wees. Taalkundiges is nie oortuig dat die Grieke die woord so gehoor het nie, en Heidegger self het in ‘n laat opstel (1964) toegegee dat die gewone Griekse begrip van waarheid nie “onverborgenheid” beteken het nie. Ons leen dus die beeld, maar ons bou nie ons huis daarop nie.

Daar is ‘n vaster fondament. Dis ouer as die Grieke, en dis Hebreeus.

5. Emet: waarheid wat jou gewig kan dra

Die Hebreeuse woord wat in die Ou Testament gewoonlik met “waarheid” vertaal word, is emet. Dit kom van ‘n stam wat beteken: vas wees, stewig wees, betroubaar wees. Uit dieselfde stam kom ‘n woord wat ons elke Sondag sê sonder om eers daaroor na te dink: amen. Dit staan vas. Dit is so.

Emet is waarheid wat jou gewig kan dra. Dink aan ‘n leer teen ‘n muur. Jy vra nie eers of die leer ‘n “akkurate voorstelling” van ‘n leer is nie. Jy vra: sal hy my dra? ‘n Ware vriend, in die Hebreeuse sin, is nie bloot iemand wat nie vir jou lieg nie. Dis iemand wat jou dra.

Daarom vertaal ons Bybels emet dikwels nie met “waarheid” nie, maar met “trou”. Wanneer God op die berg by Moses verbygaan en sy eie Naam uitroep, beskryf Hy Homself as barmhartig en genadig, geduldig, en ryk aan liefde en emet (Eksodus 34:6). Hier lees ons Afrikaanse Bybels “trou”. Dis die kern van God se selfbeskrywing: Hy is die Een wat sy woord hou.

Lê dit nou langs Aristoteles. Vir Aristoteles is waarheid wanneer woorde klop met dinge. Vir die Hebreeuse Bybel is waarheid ook wanneer dade klop met woorde, wanneer die belofte en die nakoming ooreenstem. Dis nie ‘n ander soort waarheid nie. Dis dieselfde ooreenstemming, net persoonlik. ‘n Leuenaar se woorde klop nie met die wêreld nie. ‘n Ontroue mens se lewe klop nie met sy woorde nie. God se woorde klop altyd met die wêreld, want sy woorde het die wêreld gemaak. En sy dade klop altyd met sy woorde, want Hy is getrou.

Die Bybel weet dus nie minder as die korrespondensieteorie nie. Dit weet meer.

6. Die Woord vol waarheid

Vroeg in Johannes se Evangelie staan ‘n sin wat doelbewus na Eksodus 34 terugkyk: “Die Woord het mens geword en onder ons kom woon. Ons het sy heerlikheid gesien… vol genade en waarheid” (Johannes 1:14). Baie uitleggers hoor hier die eggo van “liefde en trou”. Wat God op die berg oor Homself gesê het, word nou sigbaar in ‘n mens.

Later in dieselfde Evangelie sê Jesus iets wat geen filosoof ooit van homself sou sê nie: “Ek is die weg en die waarheid en die lewe” (Johannes 14:6). Nie: Ek ken die waarheid nie. Ook nie: Ek leer die waarheid nie. Ek is dit.

Hoe kan ‘n persoon die waarheid wees? As waarheid bloot ‘n eienskap van sinne is, is Jesus se woorde onsin. Maar as waarheid in sy diepste wese ooreenstemming is, tussen woord en werklikheid, tussen belofte en daad, tussen wat God is en wat God sê, dan is Jesus die plek waar al daardie draadjies bymekaarkom. In Hom is God se Woord en God se wese een. Hy is God se amen, soos Paulus sê: al God se beloftes het in Hom hulle “ja” gekry (2 Korintiërs 1:20).

Daarom kan Jesus ook bid: “U woord is die waarheid” (Johannes 17:17). God se woord is nie waar omdat dit toevallig korrek is nie. Dit is waar omdat Hy wat dit spreek, getrou is.

7. Terug na Pilatus

Nou kan ons teruggaan na die verhoorsaal.

Die Ortodokse skrywer David Bentley Hart wys in Atheist Delusions (2009) op iets wat ‘n mens maklik oor die hoof sien. Vir enige toeskouer in die antieke wêreld sou dit glad nie moeilik gewees het om te sien aan watter kant die waarheid in daardie toneel lê nie. Aan die een kant staan ‘n Romeinse goewerneur met mag oor lewe en dood. Aan die ander kant staan ‘n gegeselde gevangene van wie niemand weet waar Hy vandaan kom nie. In ‘n wêreld waar die werklikheid gemeet word aan wie die mag het om te oordeel en dood te maak, het Pilatus se vraag nie eintlik ‘n antwoord nodig gehad nie. Hy het dit gevra, sê Hart, sonder om ‘n antwoord te verwag of nodig te hê (my vertaling).

Dit is die eintlike gevaar in Pilatus se vraag. Dis nie ‘n eerlike filosofiese vraag nie. Dis die vraag van iemand wat meen mag het die laaste woord, en “waarheid” is maar net ‘n ander naam vir wie wen. In die derde opstel sal ons sien dat ons eie tyd presies dié vraag weer vra, net met beter tegnologie.

Maar die Evangelies is nie geskryf deur toeskouers wat gesien het wie gewen het nie. Hulle is geskryf in die lig van die opstanding, en die opstanding keer die betekenis van hierdie toneel heeltemal om. Die man met al die mag het gevra wat waarheid is. Die man sonder enige mag was die waarheid. Pilatus het “wat?” gevra, terwyl die antwoord op “wie?” voor hom gestaan het. Die Middeleeue het al hiermee gespeel. Skuif die letters van Pilatus se Latynse vraag, Quid est veritas?, rond, en jy kry Est vir qui adest: “Dit is die man wat hier voor jou staan.”

Op hierdie wending rus die hele Proloog. Waarheid is nie minder as die eerlike ooreenstemming tussen woorde en dinge nie. Ons gaan dit verdedig, en ons gaan dit nodig kry. Maar waarheid begin nie by ons woorde nie. Dit begin by Iemand wat getrou is, wie se gedagtes die wêreld gemaak het, en wie se Woord vlees geword het.

8. Wat ons nog nie gesê het nie

Hierdie opstel het net een vraag beantwoord: wat is waarheid? Die moeiliker vrae staan nog oop.

As waarheid by God se verstand begin, kan ons swak en gevalle verstand dit dan werklik ken? Dis die vraag van die tweede opstel. En as daar net een werklikheid is, waarom lyk dit vandag of elkeen sy eie waarheid het? Dis die derde. Die vierde vra wat dit beteken om die waarheid te doen, en nie net te weet nie. (Die volle vraag oor hoe ons ken, met al sy tegniese kante, kom eers in Reeks 5 aan die beurt.)

Intussen gaan ons terug na die hofsaal. Die getuie het nog nooit Aristoteles of Thomas gelees nie, en hy het hulle nie nodig nie. Hy belowe dat sy woorde sal klop met wat gebeur het. Dan sê hy nog vier woorde wat die meeste mense seker as ‘n formaliteit afmaak: So help my God. Hy roep die Een aan wat die waarheid is, om hom te help om dit te praat.

Dit som eintlik die hele saak op.

Besprekingsvrae

  • Die eed: Die getuie sweer by “die waarheid, die hele waarheid en niks anders as die waarheid nie”. Wat is die verskil tussen die drie? Kan iemand net ware dinge sê en tog nie die hele waarheid vertel nie?

  • Vier teorieë: Watter een van die vier (ooreenstemming, samehang, wat werk, die leë woord) lê die naaste aan hoe jy in die gewone lewe oor waarheid dink? Kan jy aan iets dink wat goed gewerk het, maar nie waar was nie?

  • Emet: Die Hebreeuse woord vir waarheid beteken ook trou en betroubaarheid. Wie in jou lewe is in dié sin “waar”? Hoe lees jy Johannes 14:6 anders as jy dit in gedagte hou?

  • Pilatus: Pilatus het gevra sonder om ‘n antwoord te verwag of nodig te hê. Waar sien jy vandag dieselfde houding raak: dat waarheid maar net ‘n ander woord is vir wie die mag het?

  • Vir die groep: Jesus sê nie “Ek ken die waarheid” nie, maar “Ek is die waarheid”. Hoe sou jy vir ‘n vriend wat nie glo nie, verduidelik hoe ‘n persoon die waarheid kan wees?

Aanbevole Leeswerk

  • Herman Bavinck — The Wonderful Works of God (Magnalia Dei, 1909), hoofstukke 1–3 Bavinck se eie kort dogmatiek vir gewone lidmate. Die eerste hoofstukke handel oor wat dit beteken om God te ken en hoe Hy Homself openbaar.

  • Thomas van Aquino — Summa Theologiae, deel I, vraag 16 (“Oor waarheid”) Kort, gedronge en verrassend leesbaar. Die bron van die “twee rigtings” van waarheid.

Bibliografie

  • Aquino, Thomas van. Summa Theologiae. I, v. 16, a. 1–2. Vertaal deur die Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Benziger Bros., 1947. – Waarheid is in die eerste plek in die verstand; die dinge is waar in verhouding tot die goddelike verstand.

  • Aristoteles. Metafisika. Boek IV (Γ), hfst. 7, 1011b26–27. – Die klassieke formulering van waarheid as ooreenstemming.

  • Hart, David Bentley. Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies. Yale University Press, 2009. Hoofstuk “The Face of the Faceless”. – Pilatus se vraag as ‘n vraag oor mag.

  • Bavinck, Herman. Reformed Dogmatics. Vol. 1, Prolegomena. Red. John Bolt, vert. John Vriend. Baker Academic, 2003. – Kennis gegrond in die Logos wat die wêreld gemaak het en ons verstand verlig.

  • Bavinck, Herman. The Wonderful Works of God. Vertaal deur Henry Zylstra. Westminster Seminary Press, 2019. Oorspronklik Magnalia Dei, 1909. – Kennis van God, openbaring en die Woord as bron van die wêreld se orde en ons verstand se lig.

  • Heidegger, Martin. Sein und Zeit. 1927. §44. – Waarheid as “onverborgenheid” (aletheia).

  • Heidegger, Martin. “Das Ende der Philosophie und die Aufgabe des Denkens.” 1964. In Zur Sache des Denkens. Niemeyer, 1969. – Heidegger se latere erkenning dat die gewone Griekse begrip van waarheid nie onverborgenheid beteken het nie.

  • James, William. Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. Longmans, Green, 1907. – Die klassieke pragmatiese teorie van waarheid.

  • Tarski, Alfred. “The Semantic Conception of Truth and the Foundations of Semantics.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 4, nr. 3 (1944): 341–376. – Die “sneeu is wit”-skema.

What Is Truth?

Introduction: an oath nobody can define

Every day in South African courtrooms people stand up, many with a raised right hand, and promise something they could not define. The wording comes from the Criminal Procedure Act of 1977, and it sounds almost like a prayer: the evidence I shall give shall be the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. So help me God.

The witness has probably never read a book on the philosophy of truth. The magistrate may not have either. Yet everyone in the room knows exactly what has been promised. Nobody stands up and asks, “Your Worship, before I swear, which theory of truth are we using today?”

That is the first thing you notice when you start asking about truth. We use the word constantly, and with great confidence. We tell a child, “Tell the truth.” We type “fake news” under a video we don’t trust. We feel betrayed when someone has lied to us, and betrayed is not too strong a word. But when someone asks us what truth actually is, we go quiet.

One man asked that question out loud, in a conversation every Christian knows. Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, had a prisoner in front of him who said, “I came into the world to bear witness to the truth.” Pilate answered, “What is truth?” (John 18:37–38). Then he walked out.

In this first essay of the Prologue we are not going to walk out. We are going to take the question seriously, first as a philosopher would, and then as the Bible does. By the end we will see that Pilate’s question missed something that was standing right in front of him.

1. The simplest answer is also the oldest

Around 350 years before Christ, the Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote a sentence that is still the starting point for almost every conversation about truth. In his Metaphysics (book IV, chapter 7) he says, roughly:

To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false; while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true.

It sounds almost too simple to count as philosophy. But look at what is happening. There are two things: what you say, and the way things are. A statement is true when it fits reality. If I say “there’s milk in the fridge” and there is milk in the fridge, I have told the truth. If the fridge is empty, I haven’t.

Philosophers call this the correspondence theory of truth. Correspondence simply means “matching”. Truth is the match between what we say or think and what is actually the case.

Notice what this theory does not say. It does not say that you always know whether your statement is true. Perhaps your housemate finished the milk this morning and you haven’t found out yet. Then your statement is false, however sincerely you believe it. Reality does not wait for your permission. That is exactly why the courtroom oath makes sense: the witness promises to make his words fit what happened, not what he would have liked to happen.

2. Three other answers, and what each gets right

Correspondence is not the only theory. Serious thinkers have defended at least three others, and each sees something we should not ignore.

Truth as hanging together (coherence). Imagine building a thousand-piece puzzle without the picture on the box. How do you know a piece belongs in a certain place? Because it fits all the pieces around it. The coherence theory says that a belief is true when it fits into a larger system of beliefs that support one another.

What it gets right: this is mostly how we test our beliefs. A detective solving a case rarely has video of the crime. He has a set of clues that only make sense together in one way. But there is a problem. A good novelist can write a story that hangs together perfectly and never happened. Coherence is a good test for truth. It is not the same thing as truth.

Truth as what works (pragmatism). By 1907 the American philosopher William James was arguing that an idea is true when it proves its worth in practice: when it helps us find our way, predict, live. This is the pragmatic theory.

What it gets right: true ideas usually do work. A bridge built on the right calculations stays up. But here too there is a crack. Some lies work very well, at least for a while. The con artist who steals your grandmother’s savings told a story that “worked” beautifully. Working is not enough to make something true. It is closer to the other way round: things tend to work because they are true.

Truth as an empty word (deflationism). In the 1930s the logician Alfred Tarski used an example that became famous: “Snow is white” is true if, and only if, snow is white. Some philosophers concluded that the word “true” adds nothing at all. Saying “it is true that snow is white” is just a long way of saying “snow is white”. This is called deflationism, because it lets the big word truth down like a balloon.

What it gets right: we don’t need a philosophical theory before we can call something true. The witness doesn’t need one. But look at Tarski’s sentence again. The right-hand side, if snow is white, points straight at the world. Even the theory that wants to deflate truth is standing on the floor of the old idea that words must fit something.

So we are back with Aristotle. Coherence is often how we discover what is true. Usefulness is often a result of truth. But what truth is remains the plain, old thing: words that fit what is. It is also what most of us believe every time we tell someone, “You’re lying.”

3. But what does reality fit?

This is where it gets interesting. The Middle Ages summed up Aristotle’s idea in a short Latin formula that Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) made famous: veritas est adaequatio rei et intellectus, truth is the match between the thing and the mind.

But Aquinas added something Aristotle had not said. In his Summa Theologiae (part I, question 16) he points out that the match runs in two directions. My thoughts are true when they fit things. But things themselves are “true” because they fit another mind: the mind of God, who thought them and made them. A table is a “true” table because it fits the idea in the carpenter’s head. Creation is “true” because it fits the thoughts of the Creator.

That may sound like a pious add-on. In fact it answers a puzzle modern people rarely notice. Why should reality be knowable at all? Why should things have a shape our minds can grasp, so that a child learning to count and a physicist writing an equation both touch something that is really out there?

The Bible gives the answer in the first chapter of John. All things were made through the Word (John 1:3), and the same Word is the true light that gives light to everyone (John 1:9). The order in the world and the light in our minds come from one source. Herman Bavinck later built his whole account of knowledge on exactly this ground: the Word that made the world is the Word that lights our minds, and that is why the one fits the other. Our thoughts can fit things because things first fit God’s thoughts.

How humble we need to be about this is the next essay’s question. Our knowledge is not God’s knowledge. But hold on to the picture: truth does not begin with us.

4. A detour through the name of this site

This project is called Aletheia, the Greek word for truth. So it is fair to look at the word itself.

A-lētheia is made up of a negating prefix (a-, as in “a-theist”) and a stem connected with forgetting and being hidden. In 1927 the German philosopher Martin Heidegger proposed that the Greeks therefore understood truth as “unconcealment”: truth is when something comes out of hiding and shows itself.

It is a beautiful image. It feels like the moment the mist lifts off the Cape Flats and Table Mountain is suddenly just there, as it was all along. But we should be honest. Linguists are not convinced the Greeks heard the word that way, and Heidegger himself conceded in a late essay (1964) that the ordinary Greek concept of truth did not mean “unconcealment”. So we will use the image, but we will not build our house on it.

There is a better foundation. It is older than the Greeks, and it is in Hebrew.

5. Emet: truth you can put your weight on

The Hebrew word the Old Testament usually translates as “truth” is emet. It comes from a root meaning to be firm, solid, reliable. From the same root comes a word we say every Sunday without thinking: amen. “It stands firm. So it is.”

Emet is the kind of truth you can put your weight on. Think of a ladder against a wall. Your first question is not whether the ladder is an “accurate representation” of a ladder. You ask: will it hold me? A true friend, in the Hebrew sense, is not just someone who doesn’t lie. It is someone who holds.

That is why the Old Testament often translates emet not as “truth” but as “faithfulness”. When God passes by Moses on the mountain and proclaims his own Name, he describes himself as merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and emet (Exodus 34:6). Most English versions say “faithfulness” there. It is the heart of who God is in his own self-description: he is the One who keeps his word.

Now set this beside Aristotle. For Aristotle, truth is when words fit things. For the Hebrew Bible, truth is also when deeds fit words, when the promise and the keeping match. This is not a different kind of truth. It is the same match, made personal. A liar’s words do not fit the world. An unfaithful person’s life does not fit his words. God’s words always fit the world, because his words made the world. And his deeds always fit his words, because he is faithful.

So the Bible does not know less than the correspondence theory. It knows more.

6. The Word full of truth

John’s Gospel opens with a sentence that deliberately looks back to Exodus 34. “The Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory… full of grace and truth” (John 1:14). Many interpreters hear the echo of “abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness”. What God said about himself on the mountain becomes visible in a human being.

Later in the same Gospel Jesus says something no philosopher would ever say of himself: “I am the way, and the truth, and the life” (John 14:6). Not: I know the truth. Not: I teach the truth. I am it.

How can a person be the truth? If truth is only a property of sentences, Jesus’s words make no sense. But if truth is at bottom a match (between word and reality, between promise and deed, between what God is and what God says) then Jesus is the place where all those matches meet. In him God’s Word and God’s being are one. He is God’s amen, as Paul says: all the promises of God find their “yes” in him (2 Corinthians 1:20).

That is also why Jesus can pray, “Your word is truth” (John 17:17). God’s word is not true because it happens to be correct. It is true because the One who speaks it is faithful.

7. Back to Pilate

Now we can return to the courtroom.

The Orthodox writer David Bentley Hart points out something easy to miss in Atheist Delusions (2009). To any ancient onlooker it would not have been hard to see where the truth lay in that scene. On one side stands a Roman governor with power over life and death. On the other stands a scourged prisoner of obscure origins. In a world where reality is measured by who may judge and who may kill, Pilate’s question did not really need an answer. He asked it, Hart says, “expecting and needing no reply”.

That is the real danger in Pilate’s question. It is not an honest philosophical question. It is the question of someone who thinks power has the last word, and that “truth” is just a name for whoever wins. Our own time, as the third essay shows, is asking exactly this question again, only with better technology.

But the Gospels were not written by onlookers who had seen who won. They were written in the light of the resurrection, and the resurrection turns the meaning of this scene upside down. The man with the power asked what truth is. The man without power was the truth. Pilate asked “what?” while the answer to “who?” stood in front of him. The Middle Ages already played with this. Rearrange the letters of Pilate’s question in Latin, Quid est veritas?, and you get Est vir qui adest: “It is the man who stands here before you.”

That is the move that carries this whole Prologue. Truth is not less than the honest fit between words and things. We will defend that, and we will need it. But truth does not begin with our words. It begins with Someone who is faithful, whose thoughts made the world, and whose Word became flesh.

8. What we haven’t said yet

This essay has answered one question: what is truth? It has left the harder ones open.

If truth begins in God’s mind, can our weak, fallen minds really know it? That is the question of the second essay. And if there is only one reality, why does it look today as if everyone has their own truth? That is the third. The fourth asks what it means to do the truth, not only to know it. (The full question of how we know, with all its technical sides, waits for Series 5.)

Meanwhile we can go back to the courtroom. The witness has never read Aristotle or Aquinas, and he doesn’t need to. He promises to make his words fit what happened. Then he says four more words that most people probably hear as a formality: So help me God. He calls on the One who is the truth, to help him speak it.

That is not a bad summary of the whole matter.

Discussion Questions

  • The oath: The witness swears to “the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth”. What is the difference between the three? Can someone say only true things and still not tell the “whole truth”?

  • Four theories: Which of the four theories (correspondence, coherence, usefulness, “empty word”) is closest to how you think about truth in everyday life? Can you think of an example of something that “worked” well but wasn’t true?

  • Emet: The Hebrew word for truth also means “faithfulness” and “reliability”. Who in your life is “true” in this sense? How does that change the way you read John 14:6?

  • Pilate: Pilate asked “expecting and needing no reply”. Where do you see the same attitude today: that truth is just another word for whoever has the power?

  • For the group: Jesus does not say “I know the truth” but “I am the truth”. How would you explain to a friend who doesn’t believe how a person can be the truth?

  • Herman Bavinck — The Wonderful Works of God (Magnalia Dei, 1909), chapters 1–3 Bavinck’s own short dogmatics for ordinary church members. The opening chapters deal with what it means to know God and how he reveals himself.

  • Thomas Aquinas — Summa Theologiae, part I, question 16 (“On Truth”) Short, dense and surprisingly readable. The source of the “two directions” of truth.

Bibliography

  • Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae. I, q. 16, a. 1–2. Translated by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Benziger Bros., 1947. – Truth is primarily in the intellect; things are true in relation to the divine intellect.

  • Aristotle. Metaphysics. Book IV (Γ), ch. 7, 1011b26–27. – The classic statement of truth as correspondence.

  • Hart, David Bentley. Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies. Yale University Press, 2009. Chapter “The Face of the Faceless”. – Pilate’s question as a question about power.

  • Bavinck, Herman. Reformed Dogmatics. Vol. 1, Prolegomena. Ed. John Bolt, trans. John Vriend. Baker Academic, 2003. – Knowledge grounded in the Logos who made the world and lights the mind.

  • Bavinck, Herman. The Wonderful Works of God. Translated by Henry Zylstra. Westminster Seminary Press, 2019. Originally Magnalia Dei, 1909. – Knowledge of God, revelation, and the Word as the source of the world’s order and the mind’s light.

  • Heidegger, Martin. Sein und Zeit. 1927. §44. – Truth as “unconcealment” (aletheia).

  • Heidegger, Martin. “The End of Philosophy and the Task of Thinking.” 1964. In On Time and Being, translated by Joan Stambaugh. Harper & Row, 1972. – Heidegger’s later concession that the ordinary Greek concept of truth did not mean unconcealment.

  • James, William. Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. Longmans, Green, 1907. – The classic pragmatic theory of truth.

  • Tarski, Alfred. “The Semantic Conception of Truth and the Foundations of Semantics.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 4, no. 3 (1944): 341–376. – The “snow is white” schema.

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Proloog 2 — Kan Ons Dit Weet?Prologue 2 — Can We Know It?

Kan Ons Dit Weet?

Inleiding: Die stemnota in die familiegroep

Dit was ‘n Dinsdagaand toe die stemnota in die familiegroep opgeduik het. ‘n Bekende politikus se stem, onmiskenbaar sy stem, wat iets sê wat jou hare laat rys. Tannie Marie het dit gestuur, met drie uitroeptekens. Binne ‘n uur het dit al in vier ander groepe beland.

Die volgende oggend kom die berig: die stem is met kunsmatige intelligensie nagemaak. Die man het dit nooit gesê nie.

Tannie Marie is nie dom nie. Sy het geglo wat sy gehoor het, soos elkeen van ons elke dag glo wat ons hoor en sien. Dis juis wat die ding so ontstellend maak. As jou ore jou só kan kul, wat nog alles kan hulle jou wysmaak?

In die eerste opstel het ons gevra wat waarheid is. Ons het gesien dat waarheid ooreenstemming is tussen ons woorde en die werklikheid, en dat dit uiteindelik by die getroue God begin. Maar dit laat ‘n ongemaklike vraag oop. Al is die waarheid daar buite, kan ons dit werklik ken? Of is ons almal maar soos tannie Marie, seker van ons saak en tog bedrieg?

1. Die twyfelaar aan die woord

Ons moet die twyfelaar eers ernstig opneem. Sy argument is ouer en sterker as wat ‘n mens dink.

Ons sintuie kul ons. ‘n Stok wat in die water staan, lyk krom. Die pad lyk nat op ‘n warm dag. En nou kan ‘n rekenaar ‘n stem namaak wat jou eie ma nie van die regte een sal kan onderskei nie.

Ons verstand dwaal. Sielkundiges het lang lyste opgestel van die maniere waarop ons verkeerd redeneer. Ons glo makliker wat ons reeds glo. Ons onthou wat ons pas en vergeet wat nie pas nie. Ons is nie die koel, objektiewe denkers wat ons graag sou wou wees nie.

En die diepste probleem: ons kan nie buite onsself gaan staan nie. In 1641 het die Franse filosoof René Descartes hom ‘n bose gees voorgestel wat al sy waarnemings vervals. Hoe sou hy dit ooit agterkom? Die moderne weergawe ken ons uit die rolprent The Matrix: dalk is alles wat jy ervaar, ‘n simulasie. Dit gaan nie daaroor of dit waarskynlik is nie. Dit gaan daaroor dat jy dit nie kan uitsluit deur jou sintuie en jou verstand te toets nie, want jy sal jou sintuie en jou verstand moet gebruik om dit te toets. Jy loop in ‘n kringetjie.

Die twyfelaar is hier reg, en ons moet dit eerlik toegee. Daar is geen neutrale plek buite ons eie kop waar ons kan gaan staan om ons kop te toets nie.

2. Maar niemand leef so nie

En tog. Kyk wat gebeur sodra die twyfelaar klaar gepraat het. Hy gaan eet. Hy draai die sleutel in die kar, vertrou dat die rem sal werk, en glo sy vrou as sy sê die kinders is veilig by die skool. Die Skotse filosoof David Hume, een van die skerpste twyfelaars van alle tye, het self erken dat sy twyfel buite sy studeerkamer nie lank gehou het nie. Nadat hy saam met sy vriende geëet en ‘n speletjie gespeel het, het sy bespiegelings hom koud en belaglik voorgekom.

Dis nie net ‘n kwessie van praktiese gerief nie. Dit wys op iets wat die twyfelaar uit die oog verloor: die verskil tussen sekerheid en kennis.

Descartes wou ‘n sekerheid hê wat geen moontlike twyfel kan aanraak nie. As dít die standaard is, weet ons feitlik niks nie. Maar so werk kennis nie in die gewone lewe nie. ‘n Kind ken haar ma. Sy het nie vooraf die moontlikheid uitgesluit dat haar ma ‘n robot is nie. Sy het nie ‘n argument nie. Sy ken haar ma, en sy is reg.

Die Amerikaanse filosoof Alvin Plantinga, ‘n Gereformeerde Christen, het ‘n groot deel van sy loopbaan aan hierdie punt gewy. Party oortuigings, sê hy, lei ons nie uit ander oortuigings af nie. Hulle is basies: ons glo hulle direk, soos ons glo dat ander mense ‘n binnelewe het, of dat die verlede werklik gebeur het. Sulke oortuigings is nie ongegrond nie. Hulle is gegrond in vermoëns wat behoorlik werk. ‘n Oortuiging hoef nie eers bewys te word voordat dit as kennis kan tel nie.

Maar hier keer die twyfelaar terug, met ‘n goeie vraag. Hoekom sou ons vermoëns betroubaar wees? Wie sê ons ore en ons verstand is gemaak om die waarheid te vind, en nie net om ons aan die lewe te hou nie? Ons kom in Reeks 2 (sessie 7) weer by hierdie vraag uit: as ons verstand bloot die toevallige produk van blinde prosesse is, het ons min rede om dit te vertrou. Maar as ons verstand gemaak is deur ‘n God wat self die waarheid is, en wat getrou is, dan is dit nie vreemd dat dit die waarheid kan raak nie. Dan is dit juis wat ‘n mens sou verwag.

Ons is terug by emet. Ons kan ons vermoëns vertrou omdat die Een wat hulle gemaak het, betroubaar is.

3. Die skeefgetrekte spieël

Dit klink dalk te maklik. Want die Bybel self is nie naïef oor die menslike verstand nie. Inteendeel.

Paulus skryf dat God se toorn geopenbaar word oor mense wat die waarheid deur hulle ongeregtigheid onderdruk (Romeine 1:18). Let mooi op: hulle het die waarheid. Hulle is nie onkundig nie. Hulle druk dit weg. Die probleem is nie in die eerste plek ‘n tekort aan inligting nie. Dis ‘n wil wat nie wil sien nie.

Die Gereformeerde tradisie noem dit die noëtiese gevolge van die sonde. Noëties kom van die Griekse woord vir verstand. Die sonde het nie net ons dade skeefgetrek nie, maar ook ons denke.

Maar let op hoe dit werk. Die sonde maak ons nie dom nie. ‘n Ongelowige wiskundige reken net so goed soos ‘n gelowige. ‘n Ongelowige dokter sien ‘n gebreekte been net so duidelik raak. Die skeeftrekking word sterker hoe nader die vraag aan ons eie hart kom: wie God is, wie ons is, wat ons skuldig is. Oor die getal pi lieg ons selde vir onsself. Oor onsself lieg ons heeltyd.

Calvyn het hiervoor ‘n beeld gebruik wat ek nog altyd mooi vind. Die skepping, sê hy, is soos ‘n boek wat duidelik genoeg geskryf is. Maar ons is soos ou mense met swak oë: ons sien dat daar iets geskryf staan, maar ons kan nie die woorde uitmaak nie. Die Skrif is soos ‘n bril wat ons opsit, en skielik kan ons lees wat al die tyd daar was (Institusie I.6.1).

Dis ‘n beeld wat ons nederig maak. Dit sê ons het hulp van buite nodig. Maar dit sê ook iets bemoedigends: die boek is regtig daar, die letters is regtig geskryf, en met die regte bril kan ons regtig lees.

4. Die seël en die afdruk

Kom ons gaan nog ‘n tree dieper. Selfs as die sonde weggeneem word, selfs in die hemel, sal ons kennis nooit dieselfde wees as God se kennis nie. God ken alles deur dit te maak. Ons ken dinge deur hulle raak te sien, een vir een, van buite af.

Die Gereformeerde teoloë van die sestiende en sewentiende eeu het hiervoor ‘n onderskeid getref wat nog steeds nie die aandag kry wat dit verdien nie. In 1594 het Franciscus Junius, ‘n professor in Leiden, onderskei tussen argetipiese en ektipiese teologie: God se kennis en ons kennis. Herman Bavinck het die onderskeid later by hulle oorgeneem.

Die woorde klink moeilik, maar die beeld agter hulle is eenvoudig. Dink aan ‘n ou seëlring. Die ring, die argetipe, is die oorspronklike. Druk dit in warm lak, en jy kry ‘n afdruk, ‘n ektipe. Die afdruk is nie die ring nie. Dis spieëlbeeldig, dis in ‘n ander stof, dit kan selfs ‘n bietjie vaag wees aan die kante. Maar dis ‘n getroue afdruk. Elke lyn daarin is daar omdat dit eers in die ring was.

God se kennis is die seël. Ons kennis is die afdruk. Dit is nie God se kennis nie, en sal dit ook nooit wees nie. Maar dit is ook nie ‘n raaiskoot of ‘n storie wat ons self opmaak nie. Dit is ‘n werklike afdruk van ‘n werklike seël.

Paulus sê dit so: “Nou ken ek net gedeeltelik, maar eendag sal ek ten volle ken soos God my ten volle ken” (1 Korintiërs 13:12). Gedeeltelik is nie dieselfde as glad nie. Dis nederige kennis. Maar dis kennis.

5. Woorde wat reik, maar nie vasvang nie

Dieselfde geld vir ons woorde oor God. As ek sê “God is goed”, wat bedoel ek? Ek ken goedheid uit my ma, uit ‘n vriend wat my nie in die steek gelaat het nie, uit ‘n vreemdeling wat my gehelp het toe my kar langs die pad gaan staan het.

Bedoel ek dat God goed is presies soos my ma goed is? Nee, dit sou God te klein maak. Bedoel ek dan dat die woord “goed” niks meer beteken as ek dit van God sê nie? Ook nie, want dan sê ek eintlik niks nie. Die klassieke Christelike antwoord, waarop Reeks 1 verder ingaan, is dat ons woorde oor God analogies is. Hulle sê iets waars, want my ma se goedheid is ‘n werklike afdruk van God se goedheid. Maar God se goedheid gaan oneindig verder as enigiets waaraan my woorde kan vat.

Ons woorde reik na God. Hulle vang Hom nie vas nie. En so hoort dit.

6. En die wetenskap?

Hier wag ‘n onverwagse wins. Geen wetenskaplike kan deur God se oë kyk nie. Wetenskaplikes werk met modelle: die atoom as ‘n klein sonnestelsel, lig as ‘n golf, die heelal as ‘n vergelyking. Elke model word later verfyn, soms vervang. Beteken dit dat die wetenskap net stories vertel wat handig is?

Nee. Die seël en die afdruk help ons ook hier. Daar is ‘n volmaakte oorsig oor die werklikheid, maar dit is God s’n, nie ons s’n nie. Ons modelle is afdrukke: gedeeltelik, voorlopig, altyd oop vir verbetering. Maar ‘n beter model is ‘n skerper afdruk van iets wat regtig daar is. Die wetenskap kan nederig wees oor sy modelle, juis omdat dit nie nederig hoef te wees oor die werklikheid nie.

En dat die wêreld hoegenaamd so leesbaar is, dat ‘n paar vergelykings op ‘n bord die beweging van sterre kan beskryf, is nie iets wat ons toekom nie. Dis ‘n gawe.

7. Christene stem nie hieroor saam nie

Ons moet ook eerlik wees oor iets anders. Christene stem saam dat ons die waarheid kan ken. Hulle stem nie saam oor hoe ons by die geloof in God uitkom nie, en die verskil is nie onbelangrik nie.

  • Die klassieke benadering. Denkers soos Norman Geisler begin by wat gelowiges en ongelowiges gemeen het: logika, getuienis, die bestaan van die wêreld. Van daar af redeneer hulle stap vir stap tot by God.
  • Die presupposisionele benadering. Cornelius Van Til het gesê daar is geen neutrale grond nie. Wie by die menslike rede begin asof dit sonder God kan oordeel, het die stryd al verloor voordat dit nog begin het. Ons moet by God begin.
  • Gereformeerde epistemologie. Plantinga sê die geloof in God kan basies wees, soos die geloof dat ander mense bestaan. Jy hoef dit nie eers te bewys voordat jy dit mag glo nie.

Aletheia staan die naaste aan Herman Bavinck, in wie se werk elkeen van hierdie stemme iets van homself herken. Ons gebruik argumente, soos Reeks 1 sal wys, maar as wegwysers en nie as bewyse wat geen eerlike mens kan weerstaan nie. Ons glo nie ons begin op neutrale grond nie. En ons glo dat die geloof uiteindelik deur die Gees gewerk word, nie deur ons argumente nie. Ons gaan in Reeks 5 breedvoeriger op hierdie gesprek in.

8. Terug na die familiegroep

Hoe het tannie Marie uiteindelik geweet dat die stemnota vals is? Nie deur te bewys dat haar ore betroubaar is nie. Sy het staatgemaak op bronne wat al bewys het hulle is betroubaar: ‘n nuusdiens wat al jare lank sy werk deeglik doen, en ‘n neef wat die ding self nagegaan het.

So werk die meeste van ons kennis. Die meeste van wat ons weet, weet ons nie omdat ons dit self bewys het nie, maar omdat ons iemand vertrou wat betroubaar is. Dis nie ‘n swakheid van kennis nie. Dis hoe kennis vir skepsels lyk.

Tannie Marie het intussen ‘n nuwe reël in die groep ingestel: niks word gedeel voordat iemand twee keer gekyk het nie. Descartes sou trots gewees het. Maar hy sou seker ook die stemnota eers gedeel het.

Besprekingsvrae

  • Die stemnota: Het jy al iets geglo of gedeel wat later geblyk het vals te wees? Wat het jou laat glo, en wat het jou laat besef jy is gekul?

  • Sekerheid en kennis: Wat is die verskil tussen seker wees en iets weet? Noem iets wat jy weet sonder dat jy dit kan bewys.

  • Die skeefgetrekte spieël: Waarom sou die sonde ons denke oor God en onsself meer skeeftrek as ons denke oor wiskunde? Herken jy dit in jou eie lewe?

  • Die seël en die afdruk: Help die beeld jou om tegelyk nederig én seker te wees? Waar dink jy is Christene geneig om hulle afdruk vir die seël aan te sien?

  • Vir die groep: Watter een van die drie benaderings (klassiek, presupposisioneel, Gereformeerde epistemologie) spreek jou die meeste aan, en waarom?

Aanbevole Leeswerk

  • Johannes Calvyn — Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens, boek I, hoofstukke 1–6 Die bekende openingsin oor die kennis van God en van onsself, die sensus divinitatis, en die Skrif as bril.

  • Alvin Plantinga — Knowledge and Christian Belief (2015) Plantinga se eie kort, toeganklike weergawe van sy groot werk oor geloof en kennis.

Bibliografie

  • Bavinck, Herman. Gereformeerde Dogmatiek. Deel 1. Kampen: J.H. Bos, 1895 (2de uitg. Kok, 1906–1911). Eng.: Reformed Dogmatics, vol. 1, Prolegomena. Baker Academic, 2003. – Argetipiese en ektipiese kennis; die beginsels van kennis.

  • Calvyn, Johannes. Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens. Boek I, hfst. 1–6. 1559. – Die sensus divinitatis en die Skrif as bril.

  • Descartes, René. Meditationes de prima philosophia. 1641. Eerste meditasie. – Die bose gees wat alle waarnemings vervals.

  • Geisler, Norman L., en Frank Turek. I Don’t Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist. Crossway, 2004. – ‘n Gewilde voorbeeld van die klassieke benadering. (Lees veral hoofstuk 1; die latere hoofstukke steun op “intelligente ontwerp”, wat Aletheia nie onderskryf nie.)

  • Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature. 1739. Boek 1, deel 4, afdeling 7. – Die twyfelaar se twyfel wat nie die etenstafel oorleef nie.

  • Junius, Franciscus. De vera theologia. 1594. Eng.: A Treatise on True Theology. Vertaal deur David C. Noe. Reformation Heritage Books, 2014. – Die oorsprong van die onderskeid tussen argetipiese en ektipiese teologie.

  • Plantinga, Alvin. Warranted Christian Belief. Oxford University Press, 2000. – Basiese oortuigings, behoorlik werkende vermoëns en die noëtiese gevolge van die sonde.

  • Plantinga, Alvin. Knowledge and Christian Belief. Eerdmans, 2015. – Die kort weergawe vir ‘n breër leserspubliek.

  • Van Til, Cornelius. The Defense of the Faith. Presbyterian and Reformed, 1955. – Die presupposisionele benadering.

Can We Know It?

Introduction: the voice note in the family group

It was a Tuesday evening when the voice note showed up in the family WhatsApp group. A well-known politician’s voice, unmistakably his, saying something that made your hair stand on end. Aunt Marie had sent it, with three exclamation marks. Within an hour it had reached four other groups.

The next morning the report came out: the voice had been faked with artificial intelligence. The man never said it.

Aunt Marie is not stupid. She believed what she heard, the way each of us believes what we hear and see every day. That is exactly what makes it so unsettling. If your ears can fool you like that, what else can they talk you into?

In the first essay we asked what truth is. We saw that truth is a match between our words and reality, and that it begins, finally, with God, who is faithful. But that leaves an uncomfortable question. Even if the truth is out there, can we really know it? Or are we all a bit like Aunt Marie, sure of ourselves and yet deceived?

1. The sceptic’s case, at its strongest

We should take the sceptic seriously first. His argument is older and stronger than people think.

Our senses fool us. A stick standing in water looks bent. The road looks wet on a hot day. And now a computer can fake a voice your own mother couldn’t tell from the real one.

Our reasoning strays. Psychologists have drawn up long lists of the ways we reason badly. We believe more easily what we already believe. We remember what suits us and forget what doesn’t. We are not the cool, objective thinkers we would like to be.

And the deepest problem: we cannot step outside ourselves. In 1641 the French philosopher René Descartes proposed the thought experiment of an evil spirit falsifying everything he perceived. How would he ever find out? We know the modern version from the film The Matrix: perhaps everything you experience is a simulation. The point is not that this is likely. The point is that you can’t rule it out by testing your senses and your reasoning, because you would have to use your senses and your reasoning to test them. You are in a circle.

The sceptic is right about this, and we should admit it honestly. There is no neutral place outside our own heads where we can stand to make sure our heads are working.

2. But nobody lives like that

And yet. Watch what happens the moment the sceptic finishes his argument. He goes to dinner. He turns the key in the car, trusts that the brakes will work, and believes his wife when she says the children are safe at school. The Scottish philosopher David Hume, one of the sharpest sceptics of all time, admitted that his doubts did not survive long outside his study. Once he had dined with friends and played a game, his speculations seemed cold and ridiculous to him.

This is not just a matter of practical convenience. It points to something the sceptic confuses: the difference between certainty and knowledge.

Descartes wanted a certainty no possible doubt could touch. If that is the standard, hardly anyone knows anything. But that is not how knowledge works in ordinary life. A child knows her mother. She has not first ruled out the possibility that her mother is a robot. She has no argument. She knows her mother, and she is right.

The American philosopher Alvin Plantinga, a Reformed Christian, has spent much of his career on this point. Some beliefs, he says, we do not infer from other beliefs. They are basic: we believe them directly, the way we believe that other people have an inner life, or that the past really happened. Such beliefs are not groundless. They are grounded in faculties that are working properly. A belief does not have to be proved before it can count as knowledge.

But here the sceptic comes back, and he has a point. Why should our faculties be reliable? Who says our ears and minds were made to find the truth, and not merely to keep us alive? We will meet this question again in Series 2 (session 7): if our minds are simply the accidental product of blind processes, we have little reason to trust them. But if our minds were made by a God who is himself the truth, and who is faithful, then it is not strange that they can reach the truth. It is exactly what you would expect.

We are back with emet. We can trust our faculties because the One who made them is trustworthy.

3. The warped mirror

That may sound too easy. Because the Bible itself is not naïve about the human mind. Quite the opposite.

Paul writes that God’s wrath is revealed against people who by their unrighteousness suppress the truth (Romans 1:18). Notice: they have the truth. They are not ignorant. They push it away. The problem is not first of all a lack of information. It is a will that does not want to see.

The Reformed tradition calls this the noetic effects of sin. Noetic comes from the Greek word for mind. Sin has bent not only our actions but our thinking.

But notice how it works. Sin does not make us stupid. An unbelieving mathematician calculates as well as a believing one. An unbelieving doctor sees a broken leg just as clearly. The bending grows stronger the closer a question comes to our own hearts: who God is, who we are, what we owe. We rarely lie to ourselves about the number pi. About ourselves we lie all the time.

Calvin used an image for this that I have always loved. Creation, he says, is like a book written clearly enough. But we are like old people with weak eyes: we can see that something is written, but we can’t make out the words. Scripture is like a pair of spectacles we put on, and suddenly we can read what was there all along (Institutes I.6.1).

It is a humbling image. It says we need help from outside. But it also says something encouraging: the book is really there, the letters really are written, and with the right spectacles we can really read.

4. The seal and the impression

One step deeper. Even if sin were taken away, even in heaven, our knowledge would never be the same as God’s knowledge. God knows everything by making it. We know things by noticing them, one at a time, from the outside.

The Reformed theologians of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries made a distinction for this that still doesn’t get the attention it deserves. In 1594 Franciscus Junius, a professor at Leiden, spoke of archetypal and ectypal theology: God’s knowledge and ours. Herman Bavinck later took the distinction over from them.

The words sound difficult, but the picture behind them is simple. Think of an old signet ring. The ring, the archetype, is the original. Press it into warm wax and you get an impression, an ectype. The impression is not the ring. It is mirror-reversed, it is in a different material, it may even be a little blurred at the edges. But it is a faithful impression. Every line in it is there because it was first in the ring.

God’s knowledge is the seal. Our knowledge is the impression. It is not God’s knowledge and never will be. But neither is it a guess or a story we make up for ourselves. It is a real impression of a real seal.

Paul puts it this way: now we know in part, but one day we shall know fully, even as we are fully known (1 Corinthians 13:12). In part is not the same as not at all. It is humble knowledge. But it is knowledge.

5. Words that reach but do not grasp

The same holds for our words about God. When I say “God is good”, what do I mean? I know goodness from my mother, from a friend who didn’t let me down, from a stranger who helped when my car broke down on the side of the road.

Do I mean that God is good exactly as my mother is good? No, that would make God too small. Do I mean the word “good” means nothing when I say it of God? Not that either, because then I’m saying nothing at all. The classical Christian answer, which Series 1 explores further, is that our words about God are analogical. They say something true, because my mother’s goodness is a real impression of God’s goodness. But God’s goodness goes infinitely beyond anything my words can hold.

Our words reach towards God. They do not grasp him. And that is exactly as it should be.

6. And science?

Here there is a surprising bonus. No scientist can see through God’s eyes. Scientists work with models: the atom as a little solar system, light as a wave, the universe as an equation. Every model is later refined, sometimes replaced. Does that mean science just tells useful stories?

No. The seal and the impression help here too. There is a perfect view of reality, but it is God’s, not ours. Our models are impressions: partial, provisional, always open to improvement. But a better model is a sharper impression of something that is really there. Science can be humble about its models precisely because it doesn’t have to be humble about reality.

And that the world is readable at all, that a few equations on a board can describe the motion of the stars, is not something we are owed. It is a gift.

7. Christians don’t agree on this

We should also be honest about something else. Christians agree that we can know the truth. They do not agree about how we come to believe in God, and the difference matters.

  • The classical approach. Thinkers like Norman Geisler start with what believer and unbeliever share: logic, evidence, the existence of the world. From there they build a case for God, step by step.
  • The presuppositional approach. Cornelius Van Til said there is no neutral ground. Whoever starts from human reason as if it could judge without God has lost before beginning. We must start with God.
  • Reformed epistemology. Plantinga says belief in God can be basic, like the belief that other people exist. You don’t have to prove it first before you may believe it.

Aletheia stands closest to Herman Bavinck, in whose work each of these voices recognises something of its own. We use arguments, as Series 1 will show, but as signposts and not as proofs no honest person can resist. We don’t believe we start on neutral ground. And we believe faith is finally the Spirit’s work, not the work of our arguments. Series 5 goes into this conversation more fully.

8. Back to the family group

How did Aunt Marie finally know the voice note was fake? Not by proving her ears were reliable. She trusted someone she had reason to trust: a news service that has done its job carefully for years, and a cousin who checked the thing himself.

That is how most of our knowledge works. We know most of what we know not because we proved it ourselves, but because we trust someone trustworthy. That is not a weakness of knowledge. It is what knowledge looks like for creatures.

Aunt Marie has since introduced a new rule in the group: nothing gets shared until someone has looked twice. Descartes would have been proud. Though he would probably have shared the voice note first, too.

Discussion Questions

  • The voice note: Have you ever believed or shared something that later turned out to be false? What made you believe it, and what made you realise you had been fooled?

  • Certainty and knowledge: What is the difference between being certain and knowing something? Name something you know without being able to prove it.

  • The warped mirror: Why would sin bend our thinking about God and ourselves more than our thinking about mathematics? Do you recognise this in your own life?

  • The seal and the impression: Does the image help you to be humble and confident at the same time? Where do you think Christians tend to mistake their impression for the seal?

  • For the group: Which of the three approaches (classical, presuppositional, Reformed epistemology) appeals to you most, and why?

  • John Calvin — Institutes of the Christian Religion, book I, chapters 1–6 The famous opening on the knowledge of God and of ourselves, the sensus divinitatis, and Scripture as spectacles.

  • Alvin Plantinga — Knowledge and Christian Belief (2015) Plantinga’s own short, accessible version of his major work on faith and knowledge.

Bibliography

  • Bavinck, Herman. Gereformeerde Dogmatiek. Vol. 1. Kampen: J.H. Bos, 1895 (2nd ed. Kok, 1906–1911). ET: Reformed Dogmatics, vol. 1, Prolegomena. Baker Academic, 2003. – Archetypal and ectypal knowledge; the principles of knowledge.

  • Calvin, John. Institutes of the Christian Religion. Book I, ch. 1–6. 1559. – The sensus divinitatis and Scripture as spectacles.

  • Descartes, René. Meditationes de prima philosophia. 1641. First Meditation. – The evil spirit who falsifies all perception.

  • Geisler, Norman L., and Frank Turek. I Don’t Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist. Crossway, 2004. – A popular example of the classical approach. (Read chapter 1 especially; the later chapters lean on “intelligent design”, which Aletheia does not endorse.)

  • Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature. 1739. Book 1, part 4, section 7. – The sceptic’s doubt that does not survive the dinner table.

  • Junius, Franciscus. De vera theologia. 1594. ET: A Treatise on True Theology. Translated by David C. Noe. Reformation Heritage Books, 2014. – The origin of the distinction between archetypal and ectypal theology.

  • Plantinga, Alvin. Warranted Christian Belief. Oxford University Press, 2000. – Basic beliefs, properly functioning faculties and the noetic effects of sin.

  • Plantinga, Alvin. Knowledge and Christian Belief. Eerdmans, 2015. – The short version for a wider readership.

  • Van Til, Cornelius. The Defense of the Faith. Presbyterian and Reformed, 1955. – The presuppositional approach.

Lees VerderRead More

Proloog 3 — Wie se Waarheid?Prologue 3 — Whose Truth?

Wie se Waarheid?

Inleiding: “You do you”

Dis Saterdagaand by ‘n braai. Die vleis is op die kole, die gesprek het by geloof uitgekom, en jou neef, wat by ‘n groot maatskappy in Johannesburg werk, sit sy bier neer.

“Kyk,” sê hy, “ek het niks teen jou geloof nie. As dit vir jou werk, is dit jou waarheid. Ek het myne. You do you.”

Almal knik. Dit klink gaaf. Dit klink verdraagsaam. Niemand wil die een wees wat ‘n lekker aand bederf deur te sê: “Maar wat as een van ons verkeerd is?”

En tog bly die vraag in jou kop hang terwyl jy die tang optel. As elkeen sy eie waarheid het, wie se waarheid is dan die waarheid? Of is daar nie so iets nie?

In die eerste opstel het ons gesien dat waarheid ooreenstemming is tussen woorde en werklikheid, en dat dit by God begin. In die tweede het ons gesien dat ons dit nederig maar werklik kan ken. Nou staan ons voor die vraag wat ons tyd die meeste pla: wie se waarheid is dit?

1. Wat die relativis reg sien

Dit is maklik om jou neef se woorde as vae praatjies af te maak. Dit sou ‘n fout wees. Agter “jou waarheid en my waarheid” lê ernstige insigte, en ons moet hulle eers eerlik hoor.

Waar jy staan, bepaal wat jy sien. ‘n Boer in die Karoo en ‘n bankier in Sandton kyk anders na dieselfde droogte. ‘n Vrou wat in die nag alleen moet loop, beleef ‘n donker straat anders as ‘n man. Ons ervaring, ons taal en ons geskiedenis vorm die bril waardeur ons die wêreld sien. Dit is nie relativisme nie. Dis eenvoudig waar.

Wie “die waarheid” sê, wil dikwels die mag hê. Die Duitse filosoof Friedrich Nietzsche het in die negentiende eeu skerp gevra of ons “waarhede” nie maar ou metafore is waarvan ons vergeet het dat hulle metafore is nie. ‘n Eeu later het die Franse denker Michel Foucault betoog dat kennis en mag altyd saamloop: wie bepaal wat as waar tel, bepaal ook wie in beheer is. En in 1979 het Jean-François Lyotard die postmoderne toestand as een van wantroue teenoor die groot verhale getipeer: die allesomvattende verhale wat ‘n samelewing oor homself vertel.

Ons hoef nie met al hulle gevolgtrekkings saam te stem nie om te erken dat hulle iets gesien het. En die kerk se eie geskiedenis is vol voorbeelde. Christene het al dikwels Bybeltekste gebruik om te regverdig wat hulle in elk geval wou doen. Dit is presies wat die relativis vrees: dat iemand met mag sê “dis God se waarheid” en dan ander mense daarmee seermaak. Wanneer jou neef skrikkerig is vir enigiemand wat “die waarheid” verkondig, het hy nie heeltemal ongelyk nie. Die geskiedenis gee hom rede genoeg.

Nederigheid is ‘n deug. Agter “you do you” sit dikwels ‘n eerbare instink: ek wil nie hoogmoedig wees nie, ek wil nie vir ‘n ander mens dink nie. In die tweede opstel het ons gesien dat ons kennis gedeeltelik is. Die relativis sê op sy manier iets soortgelyks.

Al drie hierdie insigte is waar. En juis daarom moet ons mooi kyk na wat die relativis daarvan maak.

2. Die knoop in die tou

Die relativis maak ‘n sprong. Van “waar ek staan, beïnvloed wat ek sien” spring hy na “daar is niks om te sien behalwe wat ek sien nie”. Van “mense misbruik die waarheid” spring hy na “daar is geen waarheid nie”.

Kyk wat gebeur as jy daardie tweede bewering ernstig opneem. “Daar is geen waarheid nie.” Is dit waar? As dit waar is, is daar ten minste een waarheid, en dan is dit vals. As dit nie waar is nie, hoef ons ons nie daaraan te steur nie. Of neem: “Alle waarheid is relatief.” Geld dit vir almal, oral, altyd? Dan is dit ‘n absolute waarheid, en die stelling weerlê homself.

Die Amerikaanse apologete Norman Geisler en Frank Turek noem dit die Road Runner-taktiek, na aanleiding van die tekenprent waarin Wile E. Coyote oor die rand van ‘n krans hardloop en eers val wanneer hy afkyk en sien daar is niks onder hom nie. ‘n Stelling wat nie aan sy eie maatstaf voldoen nie, hang net so in die lug.

Agter dié argument staan ‘n beginsel wat Aristoteles die vasste van alle beginsels genoem het: dieselfde eienskap kan nie terselfdertyd en in dieselfde opsig aan dieselfde ding behoort en nie behoort nie (Metafisika IV.3, 1005b19–20, vrylik vertaal). In gewone taal: iets kan nie terselfdertyd en in dieselfde sin waar en onwaar wees nie. Filosowe noem dit die wet van nie-teenstrydigheid. Niemand kan dit bewys sonder om dit eers te gebruik nie, en niemand kan dit ontken sonder om dit te gebruik nie. Selfs wie sê “jy het jou waarheid en ek het myne”, bedoel dat sy stelling waar is en die teenoorgestelde nie. Dis die vloer waarop elke gesprek oor waarheid staan, ook dié een.

Maar ons moet eerlik wees oor wat dié argument doen en nie doen nie. Dit slaan die slagspreuk plat: “daar is geen waarheid nie”. Dit slaan nie die insig plat dat ons almal van êrens af kyk nie. ‘n Christen wat met die selfweerlegging wen en dan dink die gesprek is verby, het nie geluister nie.

Die meeste mense wat “my waarheid” sê, bedoel in elk geval nie ‘n filosofiese teorie nie. Hulle bedoel: my ervaring, my perspektief, my storie. En dié dinge is werklik en belangrik. As ‘n vrou vertel hoe sy as kind mishandel is, vertel sy nie net “haar waarheid” nie. Sy vertel die waarheid oor wat met haar gebeur het. Dáárom het dit gewig. As dit net “haar waarheid” was, kon die beskuldigde eenvoudig sy eie waarheid daarteenoor stel, en die hof sou niks hê om oor te beslis nie. Ironies genoeg het juis die mense wat die diepste seergekry het, die grootste belang daarby dat waarheid meer as ‘n mening is.

3. Ons probleem is nie relativisme nie

Dit sal jou dalk verras. Die grootste bedreiging vir die waarheid in ons tyd is miskien nie mense wat glo daar is geen waarheid nie. Dis mense wat nie omgee nie.

In 2016 het die Oxford-woordeboeke “post-truth” as die woord van die jaar gekies, en dit so omskryf: omstandighede waarin objektiewe feite minder invloed op die openbare mening het as emosie en persoonlike oortuiging. Let op: die feite word nie ontken nie. Hulle maak net nie meer saak nie.

Die Amerikaanse filosoof Harry Frankfurt het ‘n boekie geskryf met ‘n titel wat ons nie hier gaan vertaal nie, On Bullshit (2005). Sy onderskeid is skerp. Die leuenaar gee om vir die waarheid, al is dit op ‘n verkeerde manier. Hy moet die waarheid ken om dit weg te steek. Die kletser het nie eers daardie belangstelling nie. Hy sê wat aanslaan, wat aandag trek, wat sy saak bevorder, en of dit waar is of nie, is vir hom nie die vraag nie. Frankfurt meen dat die kletser uiteindelik ‘n groter vyand van die waarheid is as die leuenaar.

Dink aan die nuusvoer op jou foon. Die program wat besluit wat jy sien, vra nie of iets waar is nie. Dit vra of jy gaan bly kyk. Niemand het besluit dat daar geen waarheid is nie. Ons het net ‘n stelsel gebou wat nie daarna vra nie. En stadigaan begin ons self ook nie meer vra nie.

Dit verander die gesprek by die braai. Jou neef se probleem is waarskynlik nie ‘n teorie oor waarheid nie. Dis moegheid. Daar is soveel stemme, soveel opinies, soveel mense wat “die waarheid” skree, dat dit makliker is om te sê: elkeen het syne. Dis nie ‘n argument nie. Dis ‘n wapenstilstand.

4. Wie se waarheid dan?

Kom ons vra die vraag dan reguit. As daar waarheid is, wie s’n is dit? Myne? Joune? Die kerk s’n? Die wetenskap s’n? Die een met die meeste volgers?

Die Christelike antwoord is verrassend: nie een van hulle nie. Die waarheid behoort aan God.

Augustinus het dit omstreeks 397 so gestel: elke goeie en ware Christen moet verstaan dat waar hy ook al waarheid vind, dit aan sy Here behoort (De doctrina christiana II.18.28, vrylik vertaal). Hy het dit geskryf om Christene aan te moedig om by heidense skrywers te leer. Waar ‘n ongelowige iets waars raaksien, het hy nie iets van die kerk gesteel nie. Hy het iets gevind wat aan God behoort, en wat God hom laat sien het.

Calvyn het dieselfde gesê, en nog skerper. As ons erken dat die Gees van God die enigste bron van waarheid is, skryf hy, sal ons die waarheid nie verwerp of verag waar dit ook al verskyn nie, tensy ons die Gees self wil oneer aandoen (Institusie II.2.15). Die gereformeerde tradisie noem dit algemene genade: God laat sy lig ook val op mense wat Hom nie ken nie, sodat hulle die wêreld, mekaar en hulself dikwels helder sien.

As alle waarheid aan God behoort, volg nog iets daaruit: die waarheid is een. Thomas van Aquino het ‘n hele hoofstuk daaraan gewy, onder die opskrif dat die waarheid van die rede nie teen die waarheid van die Christelike geloof ingaan nie (Summa contra Gentiles I.7). Sy argument is eenvoudig. Wat ons verstand van nature insien, kom van God wat ons verstand gemaak het; wat ons glo, kom van God wat Homself openbaar. Net wat vals is, staan teenoor wat waar is, en God kan Homself nie weerspreek nie. Die Nederlandse Geloofsbelydenis sê dieselfde in die taal van twee boeke, die skepping en die Skrif, met een Outeur (artikel 2). Wanneer die twee boeke strydig met mekaar blyk te wees, is die eerlike vraag dus nie watter een ons moet prysgee nie, maar waar ons een van die twee verkeerd gelees het.

Dit het twee gevolge, en albei is ongemaklik.

Eerstens: die ongelowige kan reg wees. Nietzsche en Foucault het iets gesien oor mag en waarheid wat Christene moes hoor. Die kerk was nie altyd die eerste om te sien waar hy verkeerd was nie. Soms moes iemand van buite dit vir hom sê. As alle waarheid God s’n is, moet ons bereid wees om dit by enigeen te ontvang.

Tweedens: die gelowige besit dit nie. As die waarheid aan God behoort, behoort dit nie aan ons nie. Ons kan dit nie gebruik om mense te oorheers nie, want dit is nie ons s’n om mee te maak wat ons wil nie. Dit is presies waar die kerk in die verlede gestruikel het: hy het God se waarheid behandel asof dit sy eiendom is.

Onthou Pilatus uit die eerste opstel. Vir hom was waarheid uiteindelik ‘n kwessie van mag: wie mag oordeel, wie mag doodmaak. Die relativis vrees dat Christene net so dink, en soms was dit ook so. Maar die waarheid wat voor Pilatus gestaan het, het nie mag gebruik nie. Hy het gely. Die Een wat sê “Ek is die waarheid”, het Hom nie by die magtiges geskaar nie, maar Hom laat gesel.

Dis die eintlike antwoord op die vraag “wie se waarheid?”. Dit is nie my waarheid teen joune nie. Dit is die waarheid van ‘n God wat nie oorheers nie, maar Homself gee. Ons kan dit vertrou, juis omdat dit nie ons s’n is nie.

5. Wat dit van ons vra

As dit so is, verander dit die manier waarop Christene oor waarheid moet praat.

Ons kan nie meer die neef by die braai met ‘n slim argument doodpraat en dink ons het gewen nie. Ons moet eers luister: wat het hy gesien? Watter seer lê agter sy “you do you”? Waar was hy reg?

Ons kan ook nie toegee dat waarheid maar ‘n kwessie van smaak is, soos boerewors of skilpadjies nie. Dit sou oneerlik wees, en dit sou die mense wat die meeste op waarheid staatmaak, in die steek laat.

En ons sal moet aanvaar dat mense ons nie gaan glo omdat ons die beste argumente het nie. Hulle gaan kyk hoe ons leef. Dit is die vraag van die vierde opstel.

Terug by die braai

Die vleis is klaar. Jou neef staan op, prik die hoender met ‘n vurk en frons.

“Is hierdie ding gaar?” vra hy.

Jy dink vir ‘n oomblik daaraan om te sê: “Dit hang af van jou waarheid.” Jy laat dit maar staan.

Oor die hoender, kom jy agter, wil niemand sy eie waarheid hê nie.

Besprekingsvrae

  • “My waarheid”: Wanneer jy iemand hoor sê “dis my waarheid”, wat bedoel so iemand meestal? ‘n Filosofiese teorie, of iets anders?

  • Wat die relativis reg sien: Watter een van die drie insigte (waar jy staan, waarheid en mag, nederigheid) is vir jou die moeilikste om te beantwoord? Waarom?

  • Waarheid as wapen: Het jy al gesien dat iemand (dalk jyself) “God se waarheid” as ‘n wapen gebruik? Wat leer dit ons oor die verskil tussen God se waarheid en ons aansprake daarop?

  • Post-truth: Frankfurt sê die kletser is ‘n groter vyand van die waarheid as die leuenaar. Stem jy saam? Waar sien jy dit in jou nuusvoer?

  • Vir die groep: Augustinus sê alle waarheid behoort aan God, waar ons dit ook al vind. Kan jy aan iets dink wat jy by ‘n ongelowige geleer het en wat jou geloof verdiep het?

Aanbevole Leeswerk

  • Augustinus — De doctrina christiana (Oor die Christelike leer), boek II Die klassieke pleidooi dat Christene waarheid moet ontvang waar dit ook al gevind word.

  • Harry G. Frankfurt — On Bullshit (2005) Kort, geestig en skerp. Die beste inleiding om ons “post-truth”-tyd te verstaan.

Bibliografie

  • Aquino, Thomas van. Summa contra Gentiles. I.7. Vertaal deur die English Dominican Fathers. Burns Oates & Washbourne, 1924. – Die waarheid van die rede gaan nie teen die waarheid van die geloof in nie.

  • Aristoteles. Metafisika. Boek IV (Γ), hfst. 3, 1005b19–20. – Die wet van nie-teenstrydigheid, “die vasste van alle beginsels”.

  • Augustinus. De doctrina christiana. II.18.28. Omstreeks 397. – “Alle waarheid is God se waarheid.”

  • Calvyn, Johannes. Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens. II.2.15. 1559. – Die Gees as enigste bron van waarheid; waarheid by ongelowiges.

  • Foucault, Michel. Surveiller et punir. Gallimard, 1975. – Kennis en mag.

  • Frankfurt, Harry G. On Bullshit. Princeton University Press, 2005. (Oorspronklik ‘n opstel, 1986.) – Die verskil tussen die leuen en onverskilligheid oor die waarheid.

  • Geisler, Norman L., en Frank Turek. I Don’t Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist. Crossway, 2004. Hfst. 1. – Die “Road Runner-taktiek” teen selfweerleggende stellings.

  • Lyotard, Jean-François. La condition postmoderne. Minuit, 1979. Eng.: The Postmodern Condition. Vertaal deur Geoff Bennington en Brian Massumi. University of Minnesota Press, 1984. – Wantroue teenoor die groot verhale.

  • Nederlandse Geloofsbelydenis. 1561. Artikel 2. – Twee boeke, een Outeur.

  • Nietzsche, Friedrich. “Über Wahrheit und Lüge im außermoralischen Sinne.” 1873. – Waarhede as vergete metafore.

  • Oxford Dictionaries. “Word of the Year 2016: post-truth.” Oxford University Press, 2016. – Die amptelike omskrywing.

Whose Truth?

Introduction: “You do you”

It’s Saturday evening at a braai. The meat is on the coals, the conversation has drifted to faith, and your cousin, who works for a big company in Johannesburg, puts down his beer.

“Look,” he says, “I’ve got nothing against your faith. If it works for you, it’s your truth. I’ve got mine. You do you.”

Everyone nods. It sounds kind. It sounds tolerant. Nobody wants to be the one who spoils a good evening by saying, “But what if one of us is wrong?”

And yet the question keeps hanging in your head as you pick up the tongs. If everyone has their own truth, whose truth is the truth? Or is there no such thing?

In the first essay we saw that truth is a match between words and reality, and that it begins with God. In the second we saw that we can know it humbly but truly. Now we face the question that troubles our time most: whose truth is it?

1. What the relativist gets right

It is easy to dismiss your cousin’s words as vagueness. That would be a mistake. Behind “your truth and my truth” lie serious insights, and we should hear them honestly first.

Where you stand shapes what you see. A farmer in the Karoo and a banker in Sandton look at the same drought differently. A woman who has to walk alone at night sees a dark street differently from a man. Our experience, language and history shape the lenses through which we see the world. That is not relativism. It is simply true.

Whoever says “the truth” often wants the power. In the nineteenth century the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche asked sharply whether our “truths” are not just old metaphors we have forgotten are metaphors. A century later the French thinker Michel Foucault argued that knowledge and power always travel together: whoever decides what counts as true also decides who is in charge. And in 1979 Jean-François Lyotard described the postmodern age as one of “incredulity toward metanarratives”, the all-encompassing stories a society tells about itself.

We don’t have to agree with all their conclusions to admit they saw something. And the church’s own history offers enough examples. Christians have often used Bible verses to justify what they wanted to do anyway, and hurt other people with them. That is exactly what the relativist fears: that someone with power says “this is God’s truth” and then hurts other people with it. When your cousin hesitates to let anyone proclaim “the truth”, he is not entirely wrong. History has given him reasons.

Humility is a virtue. Behind “you do you” there is often an honourable instinct: I don’t want to be arrogant, I don’t want to do someone else’s thinking for them. In the second essay we saw that our knowledge is partial. The relativist says something similar in his own way.

All three insights are true. And that is exactly why we should look carefully at what the relativist makes of them.

2. The knot in the rope

The relativist makes a leap. From “where I stand affects what I see” he jumps to “there is nothing to see except what I see”. From “people abuse the truth” he jumps to “there is no truth”.

Watch what happens when you take that second claim seriously. “There is no truth.” Is that true? If it is, there is at least one truth, and so it is false. If it isn’t true, we needn’t worry about it. Or take: “All truth is relative.” Does that hold for everyone, everywhere, always? Then it is an absolute truth, and the statement refutes itself.

The American apologists Norman Geisler and Frank Turek call this the Road Runner tactic, after the cartoon in which Wile E. Coyote runs off the edge of a cliff and only falls when he looks down and sees there is nothing beneath him. A statement that fails its own standard hangs in the air just like that.

Behind this argument stands a principle Aristotle called the firmest of all principles: the same attribute cannot at the same time belong and not belong to the same thing in the same respect (Metaphysics IV.3, 1005b19–20). In plain words: something cannot be true and false at the same time and in the same sense. Philosophers call it the law of non-contradiction. Nobody can prove it without first using it, and nobody can deny it without using it. Even someone who says “you have your truth and I have mine” means that their statement is true and its opposite is not. It is the floor every conversation about truth stands on, this one included.

But we should be honest about what this argument does and does not do. It knocks down the slogan: “there is no truth”. It does not knock down the insight that we all see from somewhere. A Christian who wins with self-refutation and then thinks the conversation is over has not been listening.

Most people who say “my truth” don’t mean a philosophical theory anyway. They mean my experience, my perspective, my story. And those things are real and they matter. When a woman tells how she was abused as a child, she is not telling only “her truth”. She is telling the truth about what happened to her. That is exactly why it carries weight. If it were only “her truth”, the accused could simply set his own truth against it, and the court would have nothing to decide. Ironically, it is the people who have been hurt most who most need truth to be more than an opinion.

3. Our problem is not relativism

Here is something surprising. The biggest threat to truth in our time may not be people who believe there is no truth. It may be people who don’t care.

In 2016 Oxford Dictionaries chose “post-truth” as its word of the year, defining it as relating to “circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief”. Notice: the facts are not denied. They just no longer matter.

The American philosopher Harry Frankfurt wrote a small book whose title we won’t dwell on, On Bullshit (2005). His point is sharp. A liar cares about the truth, even if in the wrong way. He has to know the truth in order to hide it. The bullshitter doesn’t even have that interest. He says what works, what gets attention, what serves his cause, and whether it is true is simply not his question. Frankfurt argues that this is finally a greater enemy of truth than the lie.

Think of the feed on your phone. The program that decides what you see does not ask whether something is true. It asks whether you will keep watching. Nobody decided there is no truth. We just built a system that doesn’t ask. And slowly we stop asking too.

That changes the conversation at the braai. Your cousin’s problem is probably not a theory of truth. It is weariness. There are so many voices, so many opinions, so many people shouting “the truth”, that it is easier to say: everyone has their own. That is not an argument. It is a truce.

4. Whose truth, then?

So let’s ask the question straight. If there is truth, whose is it? Mine? Yours? The church’s? Science’s? Whoever has the most followers?

The Christian answer is surprising: none of them. The truth belongs to God.

Augustine put it this way around 397: every good and true Christian should understand that wherever he finds truth, it belongs to his Lord (De doctrina christiana II.18.28). Augustine wrote this to encourage Christians to learn from pagan writers. When an unbeliever sees something true, he has not stolen something from the church. He has found something that belongs to God, and that God let him see.

Calvin said the same, and more sharply. If we acknowledge the Spirit of God as the only source of truth, he writes, we will neither reject nor despise the truth wherever it appears, unless we want to dishonour the Spirit himself (Institutes II.2.15). The Reformed tradition calls this common grace: God lets his light fall also on people who do not know him, so that they often see the world, each other and themselves truly.

If all truth belongs to God, something else follows: truth is one. Thomas Aquinas gave a whole chapter to it, under the heading “that the truth of reason is not in opposition to the truth of the Christian faith” (Summa contra Gentiles I.7). His argument is simple. What our minds see by nature comes from God who made our minds; what we believe comes from God who reveals himself. Only the false stands against the true, and God cannot contradict himself. The Belgic Confession says the same in the language of two books, creation and Scripture, with one Author (article 2). So when the two books seem to contradict each other, the honest question is not which one to give up, but where we have misread one of them.

This has two consequences, and both are uncomfortable.

First: the unbeliever can be right. Nietzsche and Foucault saw something about power and truth that Christians needed to hear. The church has not always been first to see where it was wrong. Sometimes someone from outside had to tell it. If all truth is God’s, we must be willing to receive it from anyone.

Second: the believer does not own it. If the truth belongs to God, it does not belong to us. We cannot use it to dominate people, because it is not ours to play with. That is exactly where the church stumbled in the past: it treated God’s truth as if it were the church’s property.

Remember Pilate from the first essay. For him truth was finally a matter of power: who may judge, who may kill. The relativist fears Christians think exactly like that, and sometimes they have. But the truth that stood before Pilate did not use power. He suffered. The One who says “I am the truth” did not side with the powerful, but with the scourged.

That is the real answer to “whose truth?”: not mine against yours, but the truth of a God who gives himself instead of dominating. We can trust it precisely because it is not ours.

5. What this asks of us

If that is so, it changes how Christians should talk about truth.

We can no longer flatten the cousin at the braai with a clever argument and think we have won. We have to listen first: what has he seen? What hurt lies behind his “you do you”? Where was he right?

Nor can we concede that truth is just a matter of taste, like boerewors or skilpadjies. That would be dishonest, and it would abandon the people who depend on truth most.

And we will have to accept that people are not going to believe us because we have the best arguments. They are going to watch how we live. That is the question of the fourth essay.

Back at the braai

The meat is done. Your cousin gets up, prods the chicken with a fork and frowns.

“Is this thing cooked?” he asks.

For a moment you consider saying, “That depends on your truth.” You decide against it.

When it comes to the chicken, you have noticed, nobody wants their own truth.

Discussion Questions

  • “My truth”: When you hear someone say “that’s my truth”, what do you think they usually mean? A philosophical theory, or something else?

  • What the relativist gets right: Which of the three insights (where you stand, truth and power, humility) do you find hardest to answer? Why?

  • Truth as a weapon: Have you ever seen someone (or yourself) use “God’s truth” as a weapon? What does it teach us about the difference between God’s truth and our claims to it?

  • Post-truth: Frankfurt says the bullshitter is a greater enemy of truth than the liar. Do you agree? Where do you see this in your feed?

  • For the group: Augustine says all truth belongs to God, wherever we find it. Can you think of something you learned from an unbeliever that deepened your faith?

  • Augustine — De doctrina christiana (On Christian Teaching), book II The classic case that Christians should receive truth wherever it is found.

  • Harry G. Frankfurt — On Bullshit (2005) Short, witty and sharp. The best single aid for understanding our post-truth age.

Bibliography

  • Aquinas, Thomas. Summa contra Gentiles. I.7. Translated by the English Dominican Fathers. Burns Oates & Washbourne, 1924. – The truth of reason is not opposed to the truth of faith.

  • Aristotle. Metaphysics. Book IV (Γ), ch. 3, 1005b19–20. – The law of non-contradiction, “the firmest of all principles”.

  • Augustine. De doctrina christiana. II.18.28. c. 397. – “All truth is God’s truth.”

  • Calvin, John. Institutes of the Christian Religion. II.2.15. 1559. – The Spirit as sole source of truth; truth among unbelievers.

  • Foucault, Michel. Surveiller et punir. Gallimard, 1975. – Knowledge and power.

  • Frankfurt, Harry G. On Bullshit. Princeton University Press, 2005. (Originally an essay, 1986.) – The difference between the lie and indifference to truth.

  • Geisler, Norman L., and Frank Turek. I Don’t Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist. Crossway, 2004. Ch. 1. – The “Road Runner tactic” against self-refuting statements.

  • Lyotard, Jean-François. La condition postmoderne. Minuit, 1979. ET: The Postmodern Condition. Translated by Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi. University of Minnesota Press, 1984. – Incredulity toward metanarratives.

  • Belgic Confession. 1561. Article 2. – Two books, one Author.

  • Nietzsche, Friedrich. “Über Wahrheit und Lüge im außermoralischen Sinne.” 1873. – Truths as forgotten metaphors.

  • Oxford Dictionaries. “Word of the Year 2016: post-truth.” Oxford University Press, 2016. – The official definition.

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Proloog 4 — Waarheid wat Gesien WordPrologue 4 — Truth That Is Seen

Waarheid wat Gesien Word

Inleiding: ‘n Duik in ‘n deur

Dis Saterdagoggend by die winkelsentrum. Jy trek agteruit uit die parkeerplek, effens te vinnig, en hoor die doef. Jy klim uit. Daar is ‘n duik in die deur van ‘n silwer bakkie langs jou, nie groot nie, maar groot genoeg. Die eienaar is nêrens nie. Die sekuriteitswag kyk die ander kant toe. Niemand het dit gesien nie.

Jy staan ‘n oomblik daar met jou sleutels in die hand.

Hierdie oomblik het niks met teorieë oor waarheid te doen nie. Jy hoef nie te weet wat Aristoteles gesê het of wat ‘n relativis glo nie. En tog is dit miskien die belangrikste vraag oor waarheid wat jy hierdie maand gaan beantwoord. Want dit gaan nie meer oor wat waar is nie. Die vraag is: gaan jy waar wees?

In die eerste drie opstelle het ons gevra wat waarheid is, of ons dit kan ken, en wie se waarheid dit is. Hierdie laaste opstel vra wat dit beteken om in die waarheid te leef.

1. Waarheid wat jy doen

Ons begin weer by die Hebreeuse woord emet. Ons het in die eerste opstel gesien dat dit nie net “waarheid” beteken nie, maar ook trou, betroubaarheid, vastigheid. ‘n Ware mens, in die Bybelse sin, is nie net iemand wie se woorde korrek is nie. Dis iemand op wie jy kan staatmaak.

Dit verklaar ‘n vreemde uitdrukking wat Johannes ‘n paar keer gebruik. In die Grieks praat hy letterlik van mense wat die waarheid doen (Johannes 3:21; 1 Johannes 1:6). In ons taal klink dit so ongewoon dat die 1983-vertaling dit omskryf as “volgens die waarheid handel”. ‘n Mens ken die waarheid, of praat dit. Hoe doen jy dit?

Maar dink weer aan die getuie in die hof uit die eerste opstel. Hy belowe nie net om korrekte sinne te sê nie. Hy belowe dat sy woorde sal klop met wat gebeur het, en hy staan met sy naam daarvoor in. Die waarheid word iets wat hy doen. En dink aan God, wat Homself in Eksodus 34 beskryf as ryk aan liefde en trou. God se waarheid is nie in die eerste plek ‘n lys korrekte stellings nie. Dis die feit dat Hy doen wat Hy sê.

So gesien is ‘n leuen nie net ‘n verkeerde sin nie. Dis ‘n breuk tussen wat ek is en wat ek sê. En waarheid is nie net ‘n regte sin nie. Dis die ooreenstemming tussen my lewe en my woorde.

2. Wat die Kategismus vra

Die Heidelbergse Kategismus vat dit pragtig saam in sy verduideliking van die negende gebod, “Jy mag geen valse getuienis teen jou naaste spreek nie”. Wat wil God hier hê? Die antwoord (Vraag 112) begin soos ‘n mens sou verwag: dat ek nie vals getuienis lewer nie, niemand se woorde verdraai nie, en alle leuens en bedrog vermy.

Maar dan sê dit iets wat verder gaan: dat ek “in regspraak en in alle ander sake die waarheid liefhet, opreg spreek en bely”, en die eer en goeie naam van my naaste verdedig en bevorder.

Let op die drie werkwoorde: die waarheid liefhê, opreg spreek, bely. Die negende gebod vra nie net dat ek nie lieg nie. Dit vra dat ek die waarheid liefhet. Dit vra ‘n ander soort mens. Iemand wat net nie lieg nie, kan nog koud en berekenend wees. Iemand wat die waarheid liefhet, wil dit hê, ook as dit hom iets kos.

En kyk waar die antwoord eindig: by my naaste se goeie naam. Die waarheid is nie ‘n wapen om mense mee te slaan nie. Dit staan in diens van die mense rondom my.

3. Wat dit kos

Om die waarheid lief te hê, is nie goedkoop nie.

Dit kos jou die paneelklopper se rekening vir die bakkie se deur. Dit kos jou die bevordering as jy weier om die syfers te laat lyk soos die bestuur dit wil hê. Dit kos jou ‘n gemaklike aand as jy vir ‘n vriend sê wat hy nie wil hoor nie. Soms kos dit jou meer.

In die vorige opstel het ons gesien dat die leuenaar ten minste nog omgee vir die waarheid. Hy moet dit ken om dit weg te steek. Die gevaarliker mens is die een vir wie dit nie meer saak maak nie. Maar daar is ‘n derde soort mens, en om hom te wees, is die moeilikste: die een wat die waarheid ken en dit dan doen, al kos dit hom.

Hier gee die Bybel ons nie ‘n reël nie, maar ‘n Persoon. Die Een wat sê “Ek is die waarheid”, het nie net die waarheid geken en gepraat nie. Hy het dit gedoen, tot by die kruis. Voor Pilatus kon Hy Homself met ‘n paar versigtige woorde gered het. Hy het nie. Sy lewe het met sy woorde ooreengestem, en dit het Hom alles gekos.

4. Waarheid in liefde

Maar hier is ‘n slaggat, en Christene val maklik daarin. Daar is mense wat die waarheid liefhet en dit soos ‘n hamer gebruik. Hulle sê wat waar is, en hulle sê dit hard, en hulle is trots daarop dat hulle nie doekies omdraai nie. Hulle is dikwels reg. En hulle laat ‘n spoor van seergemaakte mense agter.

Paulus skryf aan die gemeente in Efese dat ons in liefde by die waarheid moet bly (Efesiërs 4:15). Nie die waarheid in plaas van liefde nie, en ook nie liefde in plaas van die waarheid nie. Albei, tegelyk.

Die Amerikaanse skrywer Francis Schaeffer, wie se huis in Switserland jare lank oopgestaan het vir jongmense met vrae oor geloof, het dit in 1970 in ‘n kort boekie, The Mark of the Christian, só gestel:

Nie sy heiligheid sonder sy liefde nie: dit is net hardheid. Nie sy liefde sonder sy heiligheid nie: dit is net kompromis.

Schaeffer praat hier van God se karakter, wat Christene moet weerspieël. God is nie net heilig nie, en nie net liefdevol nie. Hy is albei, volkome. ‘n Christen wat net heiligheid wys, wys ‘n karikatuur van God: ‘n streng regter sonder hart. ‘n Christen wat net liefde wys, wys ‘n ander karikatuur: ‘n gawe oom wat nie omgee wat jy doen nie. Die wêreld het nie een van die twee nodig nie. Dit het die ware God nodig.

Dit is wat dit beteken om in liefde by die waarheid te bly. Die waarheid sonder liefde word wreed. Die liefde sonder die waarheid word leeg. Jesus was “vol genade en waarheid” (Johannes 1:14), en nie die een ten koste van die ander nie.

5. ‘n Wêreld wat kyk

Schaeffer het nog iets in daardie boekie gesê wat vandag selfs skerper klink as toe hy dit geskryf het. Hy het opgemerk dat moderne mense nie meer eers in die moontlikheid van absolute waarheid glo nie. ‘n Halwe eeu gelede het hy al gesien wat ons in die derde opstel bespreek het.

Sy gevolgtrekking was eenvoudig en ontstellend. As mense nie meer in waarheid glo nie, gaan hulle nie na ons leer luister nie. Hulle gaan nie omgee of ons argumente reg is nie. Maar daar is een ding wat hulle wel raaksien, omdat elke mens na God se beeld geskep is en na liefde smag: hoe Christene mekaar behandel.

Jesus het dit self gesê. “As julle mekaar liefhet, sal almal weet dat julle dissipels van My is” (Johannes 13:35). En in sy gebed die aand voor sy kruisiging vra Hy dat sy volgelinge een sal wees, “sodat die wêreld kan glo dat U My gestuur het” (Johannes 17:21). Schaeffer noem dit “die finale apologetiek”: die laaste en sterkste verdediging van die geloof is nie ‘n argument nie, maar ‘n gemeenskap.

Dit is ‘n ongemaklike gedagte vir mense soos ons wat lief is vir argumente. Ons het vier opstelle lank oor waarheid geredeneer. Ons gaan in die reekse wat volg nog baie meer redeneer, en dit is goed en nodig. Maar Schaeffer herinner ons: die wêreld gaan ons argumente toets aan ons lewe. As ons van die waarheid praat en nie in die waarheid leef nie, is ons argumente niks werd nie. Erger: dan bewys ons die relativis se stelling, dat “waarheid” maar net ‘n woord is wat mense gebruik om hulle sin te kry.

Die waarheid moet gesien word voordat dit gehoor word.

6. Waar dit alles begin

Dit kan swaar klink. Wie kan altyd die waarheid doen, altyd in liefde by die waarheid bly, altyd ‘n lewe lei wat die wêreld kan oortuig? Niemand nie. Ons sal die waarheid verbuig, ons sal hard wees waar ons sag moes wees, en sag waar ons eerlik moes wees.

Maar onthou waar ons begin het. Waarheid begin nie by ons nie. Dit begin by God, wat getrou is. Die Heidelbergse Kategismus open nie met ‘n opdrag nie, maar met ‘n troos: dat ek met liggaam en siel, in lewe en in sterwe, nie aan myself nie, maar aan my getroue Saligmaker, Jesus Christus, behoort (Vraag 1). Daar is emet weer: die trou van Een wat sy woord hou.

Ons word nie waar deur hard genoeg te probeer nie. Ons word waar deur aan die Waarheid te behoort, en Hom stadigaan in ons te laat groei. Die Een wat Pilatus nie kon verstaan nie, is dieselfde Een wat belowe het dat sy Gees ons in die hele waarheid sal lei (Johannes 16:13). Hy is nog nie klaar met ons nie.

7. Die einde van die begin

Hiermee is die Proloog klaar. Ons het gevra wat waarheid is, en gesien dat dit ooreenstemming is tussen woorde en werklikheid, wat begin by God se trou. Ons het gevra of ons dit kan ken, en gesien dat ons kennis nederig is maar werklik, soos ‘n afdruk van ‘n seël. Ons het gevra wie se waarheid dit is, en gesien dat dit nie ons s’n is nie, maar God s’n. En nou het ons gesien dat die waarheid geleef moet word.

Die reekse wat volg, neem elkeen een van die groot vrae van ons tyd op: of God bestaan, hoe die wetenskap en die geloof saampas, waarom daar lyding is, wat ‘n mens is, en meer. Ons gaan dit aanpak soos ons hier begin het: eerlik, nederig en met die oortuiging dat ons nie vir die waarheid bang hoef te wees nie.

Terug by die bakkie

Jy staan nog by die parkeerplek. Jy krap in die kar se paneelkissie, kry ‘n ou kwitansie en ‘n pen, en skryf jou naam en nommer neer. Dan druk jy dit onder die bakkie se ruitveër in.

Dit gaan jou ‘n paar duisend rand kos. Niemand sal ooit daarvan hoor nie, behalwe die eienaar van ‘n silwer bakkie wat vanmiddag verbaas gaan wees.

Dis waarskynlik die duurste preek oor die negende gebod wat jy hierdie jaar gaan hou. Dis ook die beste.

Besprekingsvrae

  • Die duik in die deur: Wat sou jy gedoen het? Waarom is dit soms moeiliker om die waarheid te doen as om dit te weet?

  • Die waarheid liefhê: Die Kategismus vra nie net dat ons nie lieg nie, maar dat ons die waarheid liefhet. Wat is die verskil? Hoe lyk dit in die praktyk?

  • Hamer of kompromis: Neig jy eerder na heiligheid sonder liefde (hardheid) of na liefde sonder heiligheid (kompromis)? Hoe lyk die balans in ‘n moeilike gesprek wat jy binnekort moet voer?

  • Die finale apologetiek: Schaeffer sê die wêreld het die reg om ons te meet aan hoe ons mekaar liefhet. Is dit regverdig? Wat sou ‘n buitestaander van jou gemeente aflei as hy net kyk hoe julle mekaar behandel?

  • Vir die groep: Watter een van die vier opstelle in hierdie Proloog het jou die meeste laat dink, en waarom?

Aanbevole Leeswerk

  • Francis A. Schaeffer — The Mark of the Christian (1970) ‘n Boekie wat jy in een sit kan lees, en wat jou lank daarna nog gaan pla.

  • Die Heidelbergse Kategismus — Sondag 1 en Sondag 43 Die troos om aan ‘n getroue Saligmaker te behoort, en wat dit beteken om die waarheid lief te hê.

Bibliografie

  • Die Heidelbergse Kategismus. 1563. Vraag 1 en Vraag 112. Teks soos op hierdie webwerf (Kategismus, Sondag 1 en 43). – Troos in ‘n getroue Saligmaker; die negende gebod.

  • Schaeffer, Francis A. The Mark of the Christian. InterVarsity Press, 1970. Pp. 25–28, 35–36. – Liefde as die merk van die Christen; “die finale apologetiek”; heiligheid en liefde tegelyk.

Truth That Is Seen

Introduction: a dent in a door

It’s Saturday morning at the shopping centre. You reverse out of the parking bay, a little too fast, and hear the thud. You get out. There’s a dent in the door of the silver bakkie next to you, not big, but big enough. The owner is nowhere to be seen. The security guard is looking the other way. Nobody saw it.

You stand there for a moment with your keys in your hand.

This moment has nothing to do with theories of truth. You don’t need to know what Aristotle said or what a relativist believes. And yet it may be the most important question about truth you will answer this month. Because the question is no longer: what is true? The question is: are you going to be true?

In the first three essays we asked what truth is, whether we can know it, and whose truth it is. This last essay asks what it means to live in the truth.

1. Truth you do

We start again with the Hebrew word emet. We saw in the first essay that it means not only “truth” but also faithfulness, reliability, firmness. A true person, in the biblical sense, is not just someone whose words are correct. It is someone you can rely on.

That explains a strange expression John uses a few times. He speaks of people who do the truth (John 3:21; 1 John 1:6). In English it sounds almost wrong. You know the truth, or you tell the truth. How do you do it?

But think again of the witness in court from the first essay. He does not promise only to say correct sentences. He promises that his words will match what happened, and he puts his name behind it. Truth becomes something he does. And think of God, who in Exodus 34 describes himself as abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness. God’s truth is not first of all a list of correct statements. It is that he does what he says.

Seen this way, a lie is not just a wrong sentence. It is a break between what I am and what I say. And truth is not just a right sentence. It is when my life and my words match.

2. What the Catechism asks

The Heidelberg Catechism sums this up beautifully in its explanation of the ninth commandment, “You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour”. What does God require here? The answer (Question 112) begins as you would expect: that I bear false witness against no one, twist no one’s words, and avoid all lying and deceit.

But then it goes further: that “in matters of judgment and justice, and in all other affairs, I love, speak, and confess the truth honestly”, and defend and promote my neighbour’s good name.

Notice the three verbs: love, speak, confess the truth. The ninth commandment does not only ask that I don’t lie. It asks that I love the truth. That is a different kind of person. Someone who merely doesn’t lie can still be cold and calculating. Someone who loves the truth wants it, even when it costs him something.

And notice where the answer ends: with my neighbour’s good name. Truth is not a weapon to hit people with. It stands in the service of the people around me.

3. What it costs

Loving the truth is not cheap.

It costs you the panel beater’s bill for the bakkie’s door. It costs you the promotion when you refuse to make the numbers look the way management wants them to. It costs you a comfortable evening when you tell a friend what he doesn’t want to hear. Sometimes it costs more.

In the third essay we saw that the liar at least still cares about the truth. He has to know it to hide it. The more dangerous person is the one for whom it no longer matters. But there is a third kind of person, and he is the hardest to be: the one who knows the truth, and then does it, even when it costs him.

This is where the Bible does not leave us with a rule, but with a Person. The One who says “I am the truth” did not only know and speak the truth. He did it, all the way to the cross. Before Pilate he could have saved himself with a few careful words. He didn’t. His life matched his words, and it cost him everything.

4. Truth in love

But there is a trap here, and Christians fall into it easily. There are people who love the truth and use it like a hammer. They say what is true, and they say it hard, and they are proud that they don’t beat about the bush. They are often right. And they leave a trail of wounded people behind them.

Paul writes to the church in Ephesus that we must speak the truth in love (Ephesians 4:15). Not truth instead of love, and not love instead of truth. Both, together.

The American writer Francis Schaeffer, who for years kept an open house in Switzerland for young people with questions about faith, put it this way in 1970 in a short book, The Mark of the Christian:

Not his holiness without his love: that is only harshness. Not his love without his holiness: that is only compromise.

Schaeffer is speaking here of God’s character, which Christians are meant to reflect. God is not only holy, and not only loving. He is both, completely. A Christian who shows only holiness shows a caricature of God: a strict judge without a heart. A Christian who shows only love shows another caricature: a kindly uncle who doesn’t mind what you do. The world doesn’t need either. It needs the real God.

That is what it means to speak the truth in love. Truth without love becomes cruel. Love without truth becomes empty. Jesus was “full of grace and truth” (John 1:14), and not the one at the expense of the other.

5. A world that watches

Schaeffer said something else in that little book that sounds even sharper today than when he wrote it. He observed that modern people “no longer believe even in the possibility of absolute truth”. Half a century ago he already saw what we discussed in the third essay.

His conclusion was simple and unsettling. If people no longer believe in truth, they will not listen to our doctrine. They will not care whether our arguments are right. But there is one thing they do notice, because every person is made in God’s image and longs for love: how Christians treat one another.

Jesus said it himself. “By this all people will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one another” (John 13:35). And in his prayer on the night before his crucifixion he prays that his followers may be one, “so that the world may believe that you have sent me” (John 17:21). Schaeffer calls this “the final apologetic”: the last and strongest defence of the faith is not an argument but a community.

That is an uncomfortable thought for people like us who like arguments. We have reasoned about truth for four essays. In the series that follow we will reason a great deal more, and that is good and necessary. But Schaeffer reminds us: the world will test our arguments against our lives. If we talk about truth and do not live in the truth, our arguments are worth nothing. Worse: then we prove the relativist’s point, that “truth” is just a word people use to get their way.

Truth has to be seen before it is heard.

6. Where it all begins

That can sound heavy. Who can always do the truth, always speak in love, always live a life that convinces the world? Nobody. We will bend the truth, we will be hard where we should have been gentle, and gentle where we should have been honest.

But remember where we began. Truth does not begin with us. It begins with God, who is faithful. The Heidelberg Catechism does not begin with a command but with a comfort: that I, with body and soul, both in life and in death, am not my own, but belong to my faithful Saviour Jesus Christ (Question 1). There is emet again: the faithfulness of One who keeps his word.

We do not become true by trying hard enough. We become true by belonging to the Truth, and letting him grow in us slowly. The One Pilate could not understand is the same One who promised that his Spirit would guide us into all the truth (John 16:13). He is not finished with us yet.

7. The end of the beginning

With this the Prologue is done. We asked what truth is, and saw that it is the match between words and reality, beginning in God’s faithfulness. We asked whether we can know it, and saw that our knowledge is humble but real, like the impression of a seal. We asked whose truth it is, and saw that it is not ours but God’s. And now we have seen that truth has to be lived.

The series that follow each take up one of the big questions of our time: whether God exists, how science and faith fit together, why there is suffering, what a human being is, and more. We will approach them as we began here: honestly, humbly, and convinced that truth is nothing to be afraid of.

Back at the bakkie

You are still standing at the parking bay. You dig in the cubbyhole, find an old receipt and a pen, and write down your name and number. Then you tuck it under the bakkie’s windscreen wiper.

It is going to cost you a few thousand rand. Nobody will ever hear about it, except the owner of a silver bakkie who is going to be surprised this afternoon.

It is probably the most expensive sermon on the ninth commandment you will preach this year. It is also the best.

Discussion Questions

  • The dent in the door: What would you have done? Why is it sometimes harder to do the truth than to know it?

  • Loving the truth: The Catechism asks not only that we don’t lie, but that we love the truth. What is the difference? What does it look like in practice?

  • Hammer or compromise: Do you lean more towards holiness without love (harshness) or love without holiness (compromise)? What would the balance look like in a difficult conversation you have to have soon?

  • The final apologetic: Schaeffer says the world has the right to judge us by how we love one another. Is that fair? What would an outsider conclude about your congregation if he only watched how you treat one another?

  • For the group: Which of the four essays in this Prologue made you think the most, and why?

  • Francis A. Schaeffer — The Mark of the Christian (1970) A little book you can read in one sitting, and that will trouble you long afterwards.

  • The Heidelberg Catechism — Lord’s Day 1 and Lord’s Day 43 The comfort of belonging to a faithful Saviour, and what it means to love the truth.

Bibliography

  • The Heidelberg Catechism. 1563. Question 1 and Question 112. Text as on this site (Catechism, Lord’s Days 1 and 43). – Comfort in a faithful Saviour; the ninth commandment.

  • Schaeffer, Francis A. The Mark of the Christian. InterVarsity Press, 1970. Pp. 25–28, 35–36. – Love as the mark of the Christian; “the final apologetic”; holiness and love together.

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